什么是经济担保贷款 经济担保贷款是指要求借款人以第三方经济信誉或财产进行担保，作为还款保证而发放贷款的一种方式。担保方负有监督借款人按期如数还款和代借款人偿还逾期贷款本息之责。 银行放款时要考虑贷出款项的安全性，即要充分考虑到期能否按时收回本息。借款人向银行提出贷款申请，银行经过分析研究不能确保借款人到期能够偿还贷款，便要求借款人寻求经济担保。如果银行和借款人之外的第三方愿意以自己的信誉或财产为借款人提供经济担保，银行就贷给借款人资金，以这种方式发放的贷款就是经济担保贷款。 目录 1 经济担保贷款的担保人 2 经济担保贷款的程序 3 参考文献 经济担保贷款的担保人 （一）在经济担保贷款中，提供担保的第三方通常被称作担保人。 担保人以自己的名义担保借款人履行借贷合同，从银行取得贷款，就要承担起相应责任： 1、在银行与借款人订立借贷合同后，担保人要监督借款人按期如数偿还贷款本息。 2、如果借款人到期不能清偿全部贷款本息，担保人就应按合同规定承担连带责任，代为清偿贷款。若担保人不履行其代偿义务，银行有权对其提起诉讼。 （二）银行对担保人有一定要求，通常担保人应符合如下条件: 1、担保人必须具备法人资格。所谓法人，是指具有民事权利能力和民事行为能力，依法独立享有民事权利和承担民事义务的组织。通俗地讲，就是依法成立，在经济活动中能够自 我作主并为此承担经济责任、有经济收人的企业。 为他人借款提供担保，担保人要承担一定的民事责任，即借款人到期不能足额偿还贷款本息时，担保人必须代为偿还，如果担保人不具备法人资格，一旦借款人无力偿还贷款本息，需要担保人代偿时，由于担保人不具备法人资格，其担保不具备法律效力，也就不能兑现其诺言，履行其义务，所以银行要拒绝不具备法人资格的担保人为他人借款提供担保。 判定担保人是否具备法人资格主要看其是否具备以下条件: 依法成立； 有自己的名称、组织机构和场所； 有必要的财产或经费； 能独立承担民事责任。 2、担保人必须是经济实体。银行要求担保人必须是经济实体是因为，非经济实体的法人如政府机构、社会团体虽然也有相当的经济收人，但其收人大都来源于国家财政拨款，这些收入一般不得挪作他用，特别是不能用于经营性支出，所以即使这些单位签订了书面契约，愿意为借款人提供担保，其担保也不具备任何法律效力。判定担保人是否经济实体的标准，是在具备法人基本条件的基础上，再加上以下两个条件： 以创造财富和盈利为目的； 各项费用支出主要靠自身经营性收人 支付。 3、担保人必须具有足以代偿贷款的经济实力。这一点非常重要，如果担保人的经济实力不足以偿还贷款，那么它所作的各种允诺都不过是一纸空文，毫无意义。 ">编辑] 经济担保贷款的程序 1、借款人找保 经银行审查，认定需要借款人提供贷款担保，借款人应根据贷款金额、贷款期限，寻找相应的担保人。贷款担保人必须是具有法人资格的，有经济收入的经济实体。担保人承担代为借款人偿还借款的责任后，应开具《贷款担保意向书》，由借款人转交银行。 担保意向书要包括担保人名称、开户银行以及能反映企业现有财产、现有负债、经济效益状况的经济指标，同时还要表达出愿为借款人提供经济担保的条款。担保意向书应加盖法人公章和法人代表的签章。 2、银行核保 银行在发放经济担保时，必须对担保人的资格、资产等进行详尽的调查 和核实。银行核保主要侧重以下几个方面: 审查担保人的法人资格； 验证担保人的法人公章及法人代表签章的真伪； 审查担保意向书有关项目的真实性； 从生产经营、经济效益、还款能力等方面审查担保人的担保能力。 3、银行审批 信贷员通过计算，确定担保有效金额，然后，根据核保结果，把具体意见填入《贷款担保意向书》内。同时，要把核保过程，确定担保数额的依据等。以书面形式向信贷科（股）长汇报。信贷科（股）长审核后，在《贷款担保意向书》上签署意见。对不在本行开户的担保单位，要与担保单位的开户行信贷部门取得联系，了解担保单位的资信情况。然后银行要同借款人、担保方签订合法完整的借贷合同、担保合同。以明确各方的责任。 参考文献 ↑ 1.0 1.1 葛长银.《钱生钱——企业金融手册》
An undisclosed fee or sales charge, which is often hidden in the fine print of a fund's prospectus or in an insurance contract. In some cases, investors and clients do not realize they are paying the hidden load, as explicit attention is never drawn to the issue. A hidden load is a cost that a customer is typically never told about. For example, most investors are unaware of the 12b-1 fee that mutual funds often charge. With this hidden load, the investor will pay an small, annual charge to cover the fund's promotional and advertising expenses.
什么是经济周期波动 经济周期波动是指总体经济活动沿着经济增长的总体趋势而出现的有规律的扩张和收缩。在经济的复苏和繁荣阶段，经济上可能出现的一般特征是，伴随经济增长速度的持续的提高，投资持续的增长，产量不断的提高，市场需求旺盛，就业机会增多，企业利润，居民收入和消费水平都有不同的提高，但也常常伴随着通货膨胀。经济波动的一般原因：投资率的变动，消费需求的变动，技术进步的状况，预期的变化，经济体制的变动。 目录 1 经济周期波动的特征 2 经济周期波动的形成原因与传导机制 3 经济周期波动的宏观调控对策 经济周期波动的特征 经济周期波动，如果从经济运行总体特征上把握，可以表达为：总体经济不可避免的，超出一定幅度的，有规律的波动性增长。 其特征： (1)这是一个在较长时期内考察的经济波动，是由经济运行的特殊机制，而不是偶然因素造成。 (2)作为一个周期的波动总量由许多经济活动几乎同时扩张，继而又普遍收缩，这两个差别明显的阶段构成扩张和收缩循环的交替。 (3)各周期在相同阶段上有着一般性的相似特征。 (4)在较长时间内，周期波动的间隔是大体稳定的。 经济周期波动的形成原因与传导机制 (一)经济周期波动的一般原因 1.大工业生产与大规模投资的相互推动作用。 2．供求约束的制约作用。 (二)我国经济周期波动的成因及传导机制 1．固定资产投资的波动是经济周期波动的生长点。 2．农业生产的波动是经济周期波动的基础。 3.产业结构的矛盾是经济周期波动的重要环节。 4．经济开放将不同程度地输入经济波动。 5．人为因素对经济波动的影响。 经济周期波动的宏观调控对策 （一）采取与经济周期相配合的有弹性的之宏观经济政策 （二）搞好与经济周期相配合的经济体制改革
In currencies, this is the abbreviation for the Papua New Guinea Kina. |||The currency market, also known as the Foreign Exchange market, is the largest financial market in the world, with a daily average volume of over US $1 trillion.
The premium charged upon the second term or portion of a compound option. In other words, the back fee is the fee paid by the owner of a compound option to the owner of the underlying option when the compound option is exercised.
A mutual fund that adopts an alternative investment strategy, much like a hedge fund. Hedge-like mutual funds aim to increase investor returns by utilizing investment methods typically used by hedge funds, while maintaining the convenience and availability to investors wishing to invest in mutual funds. The key differences between hedge-like mutual funds and hedge funds are that hedge-like funds are regulated by the SEC, and potential investors in hedge-like funds do not need to be considered accredited investors to invest. Hedge-like mutual funds can use many different alternative strategies to be considered hedge-like. For example, a hedge-like mutual fund may employ a long-short strategy, or a market neutral strategy in order to achieve better than benchmark returns. These funds are not typically able to use excess leverage in their strategies due to their regulatory status under the SEC, whereas hedge funds are not under the same restrictions.
An option used to hedge against fluctuations in exchange rates by averaging the spot rates over the life of the option and comparing that to the strike price of the option. Average rate options are typically purchased for daily, weekly or monthly time periods. Upon maturity, the average of the spot prices is compared to the strike price. If the average rate is less favorable than the strike price, the option issuer will pay the difference. If the average rate is more favorable then the option will expire worthless with no payment being made. Average rate options are often used by companies that receive payments over time that are denominated in a foreign currency. For example, a U.S. manufacturer agrees to import materials from a Chinese company for 12 months, and pays the supplier in yuan. The monthly payment is 50,000 yuan. The manufacturer budgets for a particular exchange rate, and purchases an ARO that matures in 12 months to hedge against the exchange rate falling below the budgeted level. At the end of each month, the manufacturer purchases 50,000 yuan on the spot market to pay the supplier. Upon maturity of the ARO, the strike price of the ARO is compared to the average rate that the manufacturer has paid for the purchase of 50,000 yuan. If the average is lower than the strike, the option issuer will pay the manufacturer the difference between the strike price and average price.
The currency abbreviation or currency symbol for the Papua New Guinea kina (PGK), the currency of Papua New Guinea. The Papua New Guinea kina is made up of 100 toea and is often represented with the symbol K. The name "kina" comes from the kina shell that was historically used as a currency in the region. |||In 1975, the Papua New Guinea kina replaced the Australian dollar (AUD) at par. Both the AUD and the kina traded as legal tender the following year, until January of 1976 when the AUD was no longer accepted as currency in the country.
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