英文名称：Aggregate Demand 中文名称：总需求一定时期内一国或地区对商品和劳务的需求总量。 The total amount of goods and services demanded in the economy at a given overall price level and in a given time period. It is represented by the aggregate-demand curve, which describes the relationship between price levels and the quantity of output that firms are willing to provide. Normally there is a negative relationship between aggregate demand and the price level. Also known as "total spending". Aggregate demand is the demand for the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country, and is represented by this formula: Aggregate Demand (AD) = C + I + G (X-M) C = Consumers' expenditures on goods and services. I = Investment spending by companies on capital goods. G = Government expenditures on publicly provided goods and services. X = Exports of goods and services. M = imports of goods and services.
美式期权 (American Option)An option that can be exercised anytime during its life. The majority of exchange-traded options are American. Since investors have the freedom to exercise their American options at any point during the life of the contract, they are more valuable than European options which can only be exercised at maturity.Consider this example: If you bought a Ford March Call option expiring in March of 2006 in March 2005, you would have the right to exercise the call option at anytime up until its expiration date. Had the Ford option been a European option, you could only exercise the option at the expiry date in March '06. During the year, the share price could have been most optimal for exercise in December of 2005, but you would have to wait to exercise your option until March 2006, where it could be out-of-the-money and virtually worthless.Note that the name of this option style has nothing to do with the geographic location.
A class of mutual fund shares that employees of the fund's management company are allowed to own. Employees may have the option of buying Z-shares or receiving them as a part of compensation or a reward package. While Z-class shares would be sold at the current net asset value, firms may match the amount of shares purchased to act as a bonus for employees. For example, an entry-level accountant working for a mutual fund firm may purchase 100 shares of the firm's total market mutual fund; the firm may then give the accountant an additional 100 shares.Employees gain the advantage of receiving an asset that will benefit their own retirement-planning purposes (perhaps with the prospect of receiving bonus shares), whereas employers benefit from possibly fostering better long-term loyalty from the employee.
A type of bad debt that is so old a person may have forgotten he or she owed it in the first place. The debt has likely been given up on by the company to which it was owed. Zombie debt can haunt a debtor if a debt collector buys the debt for a low price from the company in attempt to recover the owed funds. Watch: The Curse Of Zombie Banks If someone is being hounded by debt collectors for zombie debts that were either already paid off or were never incurred, action can be taken. Under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, a person can write a letter to debt collectors asking them to stop. At that point, debt collectors can contact the debtor only to notify him or her that they will cease or take a specific action. Note that if you do owe money, the debt collectors can still take you to court to recover the funds, assuming that the time period from the last payment has not exceeded the juristiction's statute of limitations.
英文名称：Default 中文名称：违约／未能履行合约指未履行按合约所承诺的义务，多指债务人不履行还本付息的义务或者未能履行期货合约。e.g. Following a payment default by the issuer or repudiation by the FDIC as conservator or receiver, the specified investment should pay the interest and principal payments on the covered bonds. 1. The failure to promptly pay interest or principal when due. Default occurs when a debtor is unable to meet the legal obligation of debt repayment. Borrowers may default when they are unable to make the required payment or are unwilling to honor the debt.2. The failure to perform on a futures contract as required by an exchange. 1. Defaulting on a debt obligation can place a company or individual in financial trouble. The lender will see a default as a sign that the borrower is not likely to make future payments. For example, if Company XYZ is unable to make a coupon payment on its bonds, the bondholders would place XYZ in bankruptcy. This would give the company an opportunity to claim XYZ's assets as a form of repayment for the debt. 2. Defaulting on a futures contract occurs when one party does not fulfill the obligations set forth by the agreement. The default usually involves not settling the contract by the required date. A person in the short position will default if he or she fails to deliver the goods at the end of the contract. The long position defaults when payment is not provided by the settlement date.
英文名称：Employee Contribution Plan 中文名称：员工供款计划一种公司支持型的退休养老计划，公司从员工工资中扣除一部分薪酬作为供款，为员工存入专门的账户，有一些公司还会同时提供相应的供款。A company-sponsored retirement plan where employees make deposits (contributions) to an account. Contributions are deducted from employee's pay; some companies match those payments. Remember, you always own 100% of contributions that you make.
英文名称：Efficient Market Hypothesis 中文名称：有效市场理论／有效市场假说一种针对股票市场的理论，认为市场上的股票价格能够直接体现所有影响股票价格的因素。因而，根据市场历史数据来预测股票未来走势的技术分析是没有意义的。这一理论由尤金·法玛（Eugene Fama）于1970年深化并提出。An investment theory that states it is impossible to "beat the market" because stock market efficiency causes existing share prices to always incorporate and reflect all relevant information. According to the EMH, stocks always trade at their fair value on stock exchanges, making it impossible for investors to either purchase undervalued stocks or sell stocks for inflated prices. As such, it should be impossible to outperform the overall market through expert stock selection or market timing, and that the only way an investor can possibly obtain higher returns is by purchasing riskier investments. Although it is a cornerstone of modern financial theory, the EMH is highly controversial and often disputed. Believers argue it is pointless to search for undervalued stocks or to try to predict trends in the market through either fundamental or technical analysis.Meanwhile, while academics point to a large body of evidence in support of EMH, an equal amount of dissension also exists. For example, investors, such as Warren Buffett have consistently beaten the market over long periods of time, which by definition is impossible according to the EMH. Detractors of the EMH also point to events, such as the 1987 stock market crash when the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) fell by over 20% in a single day, as evidence that stock prices can seriously deviate from their fair values.
An early estimate of the Services Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) for a country, designed to provide an accurate advance indication of the final Services PMI data. As the flash PMIs are among the first economic indicators for each month, providing evidence of changing economic conditions ahead of comparable government statistics, they can have a significant effect on currency markets. Service PMIs are published monthly by Markit Economics in conjunction with sponsors, and are based on surveys of over 400 executives in private sector service companies. The surveys cover transport and communication, financial intermediaries, business and personal services, computing & IT and hotels and restaurants.As each response received is weighted by the size of the company, responses from larger companies have a greater impact on the final index numbers than replies from smaller companies. An index level of 50 denotes no change since the previous month, while a level above 50 signals an increase or improvement, and below 50 indicates a decrease or deterioration.
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