英文名称：Dummy Shareholder 中文名称：名义股东／虚设股东又叫“挂名股东”，其名下虽然持有股份，但实际上，股份的真正所有人却不是此人。A person who holds shares in his or her name, but the shares are really owned by someone else. An example might be a person holding shares on behalf of his or her spouse.
英文名称：Capital Appreciation Fund 中文名称：资本升值基金旨在通过投资公司股票，并通过股票价格上涨实现资本升值的基金。e.g. Amid concerns of an economic slowdown, Federated Investors capital appreciation fund still sees growth opportunities in energy, defense and consumer staples.A mutual fund that attempts to increase asset value primarily through investments in growth stocks. The heavy investment in growth stocks increases the risk associated with these types of funds. Also called "aggressive growth fund".As its name suggests, a capital appreciation fund seeks to deliver value to shareholders by investing in companies with appreciating share prices.This type of fund is the exact opposite of an income or dividend fund, which focuses on investing in companies that pay shareholders a dividend. In addition to risk tolerance, something else to consider when analyzing these different types of funds is the fact that capital gains are usually taxed lower than interest income.
英文名称：Durables 中文名称：耐用品指不易被消耗或者损耗的消费品，其使用时间较长久，不需要经常性购买。在经济学中，与“非耐用品”相对。 A category of consumer goods, durables are products that do not have to be purchased frequently. Some examples of durables are appliances, home and office furnishings, lawn and garden equipment, consumer electronics, toy makers, small tool manufacturers, sporting goods, photographic equipment, and jewelry. Also known as "durable goods". Consumer goods are often classified as durables or non-durables. Durables are the stuff you buy to last, like a TV or a freezer.
优势 集合式营销的优势在于：1， 共享资源 作为一个单个的企业，通常的需要建立一套完整的销售网络，以保证产品畅通无阻的到达消费者手中。其中产品销售的大多数利润被用来维持庞大的销售网络。而在集合式营销的框架下，由于集合内的企业目标客户有着类似的属性，所以各个独立的企业可以共享一套完整的销售网络以降低销售成本。2， 资源整合 在社会化大生产已经成熟，随着生产专业化的进程，单个的企业往往生产的产品比较单一。但作为采购方，往往需要很多类似行业的产品。譬如，一家生产发光二极管的企业虽然产品很优秀，但是他所供货的往往是固定的几家大量采购的企业。但是我们知道，单单一个发光二极管是不可能构成一个完整的产品的。他的客户有90%还需要采购电阻，电容等元器件。如果这些厂家通过集合式营销整合资源，对采购商进行打包销售，那么既扩大了集合内三个生产厂家的销售数量，也方便了采购商。3， 提高采购方的议价能力 由于集合内的企业集合了购买力，以联合采购的形式进行统一进货。类似与消费者自发组织的团购，由于数量的优势增加了采购商的议价能力。使单个采购商享受大批量采购的价格。 需要指出的是，资源本身并不会产生经济价值——它们必须被放置到一个具体的生产活动中，并得到有效利用，和其他资源进行有目的的整合。我们不难发现，作为独立的不在集合环境中的个体企业，其竞争优势是有限的，但作为各个个体的集合，其竞争优势却是显著的，由此也带来了群内个体企业的竞争优势。集合中成员拥有的资源和集合的结构方式影响了集合的竞争优势，在集合的结构中形成了资源整合的协同效应。正如碳元素的不同结构方式形成了完全不同物理属性的钻石和石墨。 自20世纪90年代以来，信息技术与网络技术的快速发展和广泛传播，在深度和广度上把社会分工、市场需求以及企业组织发展推进到了一个新的历史阶段。过去的企业产品生命周期长达几年甚至更长时间。企业凭借同一产品的大量生产所形成的规模经济，就可获得稳定的发展。随着科技创新的发展，产品生命的周期越来越短。一些高科技产品更新的速度之快，甚至连准备大规模生产的时间都没有。“灵活性”取代“稳定性”、以“快”制“大”是现代企业发展的一个显著特征。速度已经成为制约企业发展与提高企业竞争力的至关重要的因素。 在当代给速发展的信息社会中，集合式营销的优势通常是通过一些B2B的网站实现的。例如中国第一家以集合式营销概念推出的九天数码港（http://www.huo-yuan.com）就是一个很好的实例。 九天数码港采购平台以众多数码行业的生产厂家为货源集合，以各中小型数码零售店为采购集合，充分利用集合力量，进行全国范围内数码产品的批发业务。在部分数码产品中统一了中间供货渠道，导致多家数码代理商倒闭。但无论结果如何，九天数码港的这次国内首次集合式营销的尝试的确值得我们研究。
英文名称：Dividend Reinvestment Plan 中文名称：股息再投资计划公司向股东提供的投资计划，股东可以选择将现金股息在派息当日购入公司的股份。e.g. BP p.l.c. was advised on 3 July 2008, by Equiniti that Mr. I.C. Conn, a Director of BP p.l.c. received 313 BP Ordinary shares (ISIN number GB0007980591) on 13 June 2008 at GBP5.9672 per share, through the BP dividend reinvestment plan. A plan offered by a corporation that allows investors to reinvest their cash dividends by purchasing additional shares or fractional shares on the dividend payment date. A DRIP is an excellent way to increase the value of your investment. Most DRIPs allow you to buy shares commission free and at a significant discount to the current share price. Most DRIPS don't allow reinvestments much lower than $10. This term is sometimes abbreviated as "DRP".
英文名称：Dummy Director 中文名称：挂名董事／名义董事指在公司董事会内按照非董事意愿进行投票表决的董事会成员。A person on a company's board of directors who votes and acts on the wishes of a non board member. Also known as an accommodation director.
英文名称：Effective Duration 中文名称：有效期限指一种计算含期权的债券期限的方法，有效期限的计算将预期现金流会随着利率的变化而发生变动的因素考虑在内。e.g. The combined effective duration time of the top three accounted for 67.3 percent of the total. A duration calculation for bonds with embedded options. Effective duration takes into account that expected cash flows will fluctuate as interest rates change. Effective duration can be estimated using modified duration if the bond with embedded options behaves like an option-free bond. This behavior occurs when exercise of the embedded option would offer the investor no benefit. As such, the security's cash flows cannot be expected to change given a change in yield. For example, if existing interest rates were 10% and a callable bond were paying a coupon of 6%, the callable bond would behave like an option-free bond because it would not optimal for the company to call the bonds and re-issue them at a higher interest rate.
现货期权（Physical Option） 现货期权是以现货为标的资产的期权，期货期权是以期货为标的资产的期权。在交易所交易的期权主要有商品期权与金融期权两大类，其中所有的商品期权都是以商品期货作为标的资产的，因此都是期货期权；金融期权有的是以现货作为标的资产的（比如股票期权、指数期权、利率期权与外汇期权），因此属于现货期权范畴，有的是以期货作为标的资产的（比如指数期货期权、利率期货期权、外汇期货期权），因此属于期货期权范畴。 An option that is based on a physical asset. Physical options give the owner the right to buy or sell physical assets at a predetermined price and date. They are called "physical" because they are based on assets such as currencies, Treasury debts and commodities, rather than stocks, futures and indexes. As with any other type of option, you can purchase a call or put. You have the right to "call in," or buy, a physical asset by owning a physical call option; you have the right to "put out," or sell, a physical asset by owning a physical put option. The Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) trades physical options that represent underlying assets such as gold or electricity.
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