The currency abbreviation symbol for the Albanian lek (plural lekë), the currency for Albania. The Albanian lek is made up of 100 qindarka and is often presented with the symbol "lekë". The Albanian qindarka is no longer issued but is still accepted as currency. In 1992, the new "lek valuta" was introduced, which is equal to 50 lekë. |||The Albanian lek was introduced by the National Bank of Albania and has been in use since 1926. Between 1946 and 1965, the lek was pegged to the Soviet ruble at 12.5 lekë to 1 ruble. After 1965, the revaluation of the ruble created inequalities in exchange, so a second lek was issued, which was equal to 10 old lekë.
什么是节约奖 如果降低成本的金额很大时，可以获特殊贡献奖。如果降低成本的金额较小时，可以获节约奖。 节约奖又称降低成本奖，是指由于员工降低了成本，企业为了鼓励员工这种行为而支付的奖金。一般以第一线的操作员工为奖励的主要对象。 节约奖的要点 在制定节约奖时，要注意以下事项： 1、要奖励真节约、而非假节约，两者的区别在于是否保证质量。即在保证产品质量的前提下的节约是真节约，反之则是假节约。假节约不但无奖，反而要受罚。 2、明确规定指标来确定是否降低了成本。 3、降低的成本可以通过累计而获奖。例如：每个月降低成本200元，一年降低成本2400元。企业规定降低成本2000元以上可以获节约奖20%，该员工可获奖480。 相关条目 超时奖 绩效奖 职务奖 特殊贡献奖 员工建议奖
The former chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System as well as the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), the Fed's principal monetary policymaking body. His tenure at the helm of the Fed lasted 18 years from 1987 until early 2006, when Ben Bernanke replaced him. He was first appointed to the post by then-president Ronald Reagan and kept at the Fed's helm by successors George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton and President George W. Bush. |||Greenspan is the first person to have been appointed to five consecutive terms as the Fed's chairman. He became known for being adept at guiding the Fed's board to consensus on policy issues and his public comments were regarded as so powerful that they could send financial markets sharply in any direction. He was widely perceived as an inflation hawk, often criticized for focusing more on controlling prices than on achieving full employment. Greenspan also became infamous for his often technical and cautiously worded speeches, and reportedly once mocked his own speaking style during a 1988 speech in which he said, "I guess I should warn you, if I turn out to be particularly clear, you've probably misunderstood what I said."
什么是延期支付计划? 延期支付计划（Deferred Compensation Plan）也称延期支付，是指公司将治理层的部分薪酬，非凡是年度奖金、股权激励收入等按当日公司股票市场价格折算成股票数量，存入公司为治理层人员单独设立的延期支付帐户。在既定的期限后或在该高级治理人员退休以后，再以公司的股票形式或根据期满时的股票市场价格以现金方式支付给激励对象。 激励对象通过延期支付计划获得的收入来自于既定期限内公司股票的市场价格上升，即计划执行时与激励对象行权时的股票价差收入。假如折算后存入延期支付帐户的股票市价在行权时上升， 则激励对象就可以获得收益。但假如该市价不升反跌，激励对象的利益就会遭受损失。 延期支付模式的特点 延期支付模式具有两个特点： 第一，延期支付收益与公司的业绩紧密相连。治理层必须关注公司的股市价值。只有股价上升，激励对象才能保证自己的利益不受 损害；而实现签订的契约可以规定，假如激励对象工作不力或者失职导致企业利益受损，可以减少或取消延期支付收益进行惩罚； 第二，延期支付方式可以激励治理层考虑公司的长远利益的决策，以免经营者行为短期化。 延期支付方式的优点 延期支付方式体现了有偿售予和逐步变现，以及风险与权益基本对等的特征，具有比较明显的激励效果。这种激励模式的优点是： (1)把经营者一部分薪酬转化为股票，且长时间锁定，增加了其退出成本，促使经营者更关注公司的长期发展，减少了经营者的短期行为，有利于长期激励，留住并吸引人才； (2)这种模式可操作性强，无需证监会审批； (3)治理人员部分奖金以股票的形式获得，因此具有减税作用。 延期支付激励模式的不足 延期支付激励模式的不足： 一是公司高管人员持有公司股票数量相对较少，难以产生较强的激励力度； 二是股票二级市场具有风险的不确定性，经营者不能及时地把薪酬变现。 延期支付模式的适用性 延期支付模式比较适合那些业绩稳定型的上市公司及其集团公司、子公司。
The total supply of goods and services produced within an economy at a given overall price level in a given time period. It is represented by the aggregate-supply curve, which describes the relationship between price levels and the quantity of output that firms are willing to provide. Normally, there is a positive relationship between aggregate supply and the price level. Rising prices are usually signals for businesses to expand production to meet a higher level of aggregate demand. Also known as "total output". |||A shift in aggregate supply can be attributed to a number of variables. These include changes in the size and quality of labor, technological innovations, increase in wages, increase in production costs, changes in producer taxes and subsidies, and changes in inflation. In the short run, aggregate supply responds to higher demand (and prices) by bringing more inputs into the production process and increasing utilization of current inputs. In the long run, however, aggregate supply is not affected by the price level and is driven only by improvements in productivity and efficiency.
什么是职责定员法 职责是指某人在某一方面担负的一项或多项相互联系的任务集合。 职责定员法是根据企业内部的组织机构及其职责范围，并结合机构内部的业务分工和岗位职责来确定定员的方法。 该方法适用于管理人员和工程技术人员。由于管理和工程技术等工作定额难以量化，所以通常是参照效率定员和岗位定员方法进行估算，并结合对实际工作的调查情况，加以合理确定。 职责定员法的影响因素 在进行职责定员时，应考虑的影响因素有：管理层次；机构设置与分工；工作效率。 显然，管理层次与所需管理人员之间成正相关关系；机构设置与分工越细，需要的有关人员就越多，反之则少；工作效率高，表明人员精干，所需工作人员就少，反之则多。
The exposure of a bank, financial institution, or any type of major investor to foreign exchange contracts - both spot and forward - from a single counterparty or client. Aggregate risk in forex may also be defined as the total exposure of an entity to changes or fluctuations in currency rates. |||Banks and financial institutions closely monitor aggregate risk in order to minimize their exposure to adverse financial developments - such as a credit crunch or even insolvency - arising at a counterparty or client. This is achieved through position limits that stipulate the maximum dollar amount of open transactions that can be entered into for spot and forward currency contracts at any point in time. Aggregate risk limits will generally be larger for long-standing counterparties and clients with sound credit ratings, and will be lower for clients who are either new or have lower credit ratings.
什么是QQTC模型？ 在将要害成功因素转化成绩效指标时，应该从质量、数量、时间和成本四个维度进行绩效指标的提炼，即QQTC模型。QQTC模型是治理学上比较成熟的一种指标设计方法。 QQTC模型的具体内容 Q (Quantity)即数量,通常可以用个数、时数、次数、人数、项数以及额度来表示。 Q (Quality)即质量,比率、评估结果、及时性、满足率、达成率、完成情况、合格率以及周转次数是这种指标的常用说明方法。 T( Time)即时间,最通用的是完成时间、批准时间、开始时间、结束时间、最早开始时间、最迟开始时间、最早结束时间、最迟开始时间、最早结束时间和最迟结束时间等一次概念。 C (Cost)即成本,可以包括费用额、预算控制等内容。
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