An economic term referring to the effect that a change in a firm's product price has on the quantity demanded of that product. Pricing power ties in with the "Price Elasticity of Demand." Taobiz explains Pricing Power Generally speaking, if a company doesn't have much pricing power then an increase in their prices would lessen the demand for their products.
A stock index in which each stock influences the index in proportion to its price per share. The value of the index is generated by adding the prices of each of the stocks in the index and dividing them by the total number of stocks. Stocks with a higher price will be given more weight and, therefore, will have a greater influence over the performance of the index. Taobiz explains Price-Weighted Index For example, assume that an index contains only two stocks, one priced at $1 and one priced at $10. The $10 stock is weighted nine times higher than the $1 stock. Overall, this means that this index is composed of 90% of the $10 stocks and 10% of $1 stock. In this case, a change in the value of the $1 stock will not affect the index's value by a large amount, because it makes up such a small percentage of the index. A popular price-weighted stock market index is the Dow Jones Industrial Average. It includes a price-weighted average of 30 actively traded blue chip stocks.
The main owner of a publicly traded investment, also known as the majority shareholder. The principal shareholder is the entity that owns the greatest percentage of a company's shares and therefore has the largest stake in the company's success. Smaller investors often look to the behavior of the principal shareholder as an indication of the company's performance. If the principal shareholder makes a large additional investment in the company, for example, this is probably an indication that the company is performing well. Taobiz explains Principal Shareholder In some cases, the company's principal shareholder is also its CEO, president or founder. This is common due to the fact that often the individual or family which founded the company typically insists on maintaining majority control over the company's shares, allowing them, the primary shareholders to dictate to a large degree the direction of the business.
The first of issuance of stock for public sale from a private company. This is the means by which a private company can raise equity capital through the financial markets in order to expand its business operations. This can also include debt issuance. Also known as an "initial public offering" (IPO). Taobiz explains Primary Offering A primary offering is usually done to help a young, growing company expand its business operations, but can also be done by a mature company that still happens to be a private company. Primary offerings can be followed by secondary offerings, which serve as a way for a company that is already publicly traded to raise further equity capital for its business. After the offering and the receipt of the funds raised, the securities are traded on the secondary market, where the company does not receive any money from the purchase and sale of the securities they previously issued.
A market that issues new securities on an exchange. Companies, governments and other groups obtain financing through debt or equity based securities. Primary markets are facilitated by underwriting groups, which consist of investment banks that will set a beginning price range for a given security and then oversee its sale directly to investors. Also known as "new issue market" (NIM). Taobiz explains Primary Market The primary markets are where investors can get first crack at a new security issuance. The issuing company or group receives cash proceeds from the sale, which is then used to fund operations or expand the business. Exchanges have varying levels of requirements which must be met before a security can be sold. once the initial sale is complete, further trading is said to conduct on the secondary market, which is where the bulk of exchange trading occurs each day. Primary markets can see increased volatility over secondary markets because it is difficult to accurately gauge investor demand for a new security until several days of trading have occurred.
documents regulated by the Securities & Exchange Commission in which a public company outlines its methods and procedures. These documents are used to inform shareholders and solicit votes for corporate decisions, such as the election of directors and other corporate actions. Taobiz explains Proxy Materials SEC regulations require a public company to disclose specific information in its proxy materials, so that investors can be clear on the procedures to follow in certain circumstances. For example, a company's proxy materials must specify if there is a standard process for shareholders to contact the board of directors, and if one does not exist, the proxy materials must provide specific reasons for the absence of such a process.
A measure of a security's liquidity that is calculated by comparing the bid and ask prices quoted in the marketplace. The proportional spread is higher as liquidity decreases to compensate the dealer for the additional risk of creating a market in an illiquid security. The proportional spread is calculated as the difference between closing ask and bid prices divided by the average price of the bid and ask. Ask = Highest close in month Bid = Lowest close in month Also referred to as a proportional bid-ask spread. Taobiz explains Proportional Spread The proportional spread is used to give an idea of the average round-trip transaction compensation to dealers. The average transaction cost to the investor is calculated as one-half of the proportional spread. In general, proportional spreads can range from less than 1% to over 5%. For example, the average proportional spread on the New York Stock Exchange was 0.6% in 2003.
An alternative to cash or stock dividends. A property dividend can either include shares of a subsidiary company or physical assets such as inventories that the company holds. The dividend is recorded at the market value of the asset provided. Taobiz explains Property Dividend This type of payout structure is less common than the regular stock or cash dividend system. From a corporate perspective, property dividends can be distributed if the parent company does not wish to dilute its current share position or if it does not have enough cash on hand to distribute healthy payments.
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