The currency abbreviation for the United Arab Emirates dirham (AED), the currency of Dubai and other Emirates. The United Arab Emirates dirham is made up of 100 fuloos, which is plural for fils. It is often presented with the symbol Dhs or DH. |||The United Arab Emirates Dirham has been used since 1973, when it replaced several currencies such as the Dubai riyal and the Qatar riyal. The dirham was officially pegged to the U.S. dollar at one dollar to 3.6725 dirhams on January 28, 1978. A fils is also the subunit for the Kuwaiti dinars, Iraqi dinarsm, Bahraini dinars and the Yemeni rial.
The use of mechanisms by a central bank to influence a home currency's exchange rate. An adjustment is specifically made if the exchange rate is not pegged to another currency, meaning that the currency is valued according to a floating exchange rate. Because the central bank intervenes in the home currency's exchange rate to reduce short-term fluctuations, this is considered a managed floating exchange rate. |||Central banks may become involved if they believe that movements in the home currency are too "extreme", especially since a rapid increase or decrease in a currency's value can lead to a significant effects on its economy. Inconsistent adjustment policies in terms of an exchange rate mechanism (ERM) result in uncertainty on the part of investors, and is referred to as a "dirty" managed exchange rate policy.
An exchange rate policy adopted by some countries wherein the national currency is largely pegged or fixed to a major currency such as the U.S. dollar or euro, but can be readjusted from time to time within a narrow interval. The periodic adjustments can are usually intended to improve the country's competitive position in the export market. |||Following the adoption of the Bretton Woods system in 1944, most Western European nations pegged their currencies to the U.S. dollar, until 1971. The Chinese renminbi or yuan was informally pegged to the US dollar in the mid-1990s until 2005 at a rate of approximately 8.28 per dollar. The peg was adjusted to about 6.83 yuan per U.S. dollar from July 2008, after three years of appreciation.
The currency abbreviation or currency symbol for the Andorran franc (ADF). The Andorran franc was replaced as the national currency of Andorra by the euro (EUR) in 1999. |||Prior to being replaced by the euro in 1999, the Andorran franc was pegged at parity to the French franc. Unlike in Monaco, there was no formal union of currencies with France. Because of this, no Andorran coins/notes were minted/printed.
A momentum indicator that attempts to gauge supply and demand by determining whether investors are generally "accumulating" (buying) or "distributing" (selling) a certain stock by identifying divergences between stock price and volume flow. It is calculated using the following formula:Acc/Dist = ((Close – Low) – (High – Close)) / (High – Low) * Period's volume |||For example, many up days occurring with high volume in a downtrend could signal that the demand for the underlying is starting to increase. In practice, this indicator is used to find situations in which the indicator is heading in the opposite direction as the price. once this divergence has been identified, the trader will wait to confirm the reversal and make his or her transaction decisions using other technical indicators.
A form of discrete time-switch option in which the interest on one side accrues only if certain conditions are met. Payment of interest in the accrual swap occurs if the reference rate, such as LIBOR or EURIBOR, is above or below a certain level. One party pays the standard floating reference rate, and in turn receives the reference rate plus a spread. Interest payments to the counterparty will only accrue for days in which the reference rate stays within a certain range. |||Investors and companies utilizing accrual swaps assume the risk that the reference rate will stay in a certain range. The broader the lower and upper cap, the greater the risk that the reference rate will fall within this range, which is typically what is desired since interest will not be accrued. For example, a company with a floating-rate obligation denominated in euros wants to hedge its exposure by paying a fixed rate which is below the market rate. The floating rate is conditional on how many days EURIBOR is within an agreed upon range during a set period. The goal of the company is to obtain a lower fixed rate by assuming the risk that the EURIBOR rate will fall outside of the agreed upon range.
The monetary unit used when recording transactions in a company's book. The accounting currency is not necessarily the same as the selling currency, which is what customers see when conducting a transaction, such as a sale. Companies are likely to use their home country's currency when recording transactions, even if the sale was denominated in a foreign currency. For example, a Chinese firm conducting business in Japan will likely use the yuan as the accounting currency, even if sales transactions are conducted using the yen. |||For companies or investors managing multiple currencies, the interplay of foreign exchange rates and conversions can make the maintenance of the books a complicated task. For companies operating in countries with a major currency, such as the U.S. dollar, euro or pound, the accounting currency may be the same as the selling currency. Companies operating in smaller markets with "minor" currencies are more likely to have a domestic accounting currency and a foreign selling currency.
The fixed portion of an interest-rate swap, expressed as a percentage rather than as a premium or a discount to a reference rate. |||The absolute rate is a combination of the reference rate and the premium or discounted fixed percentage. For example, if the LIBOR is 3% and the fixed interest portion of the swap is at a 7% premium, the absolute rate is 10%. It is sometimes also referred to as an absolute swap yield.
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