A type of debt instrument that is not secured by physical asset or collateral. Debentures are backed only by the general creditworthiness and reputation of the issuer. Both corporations and governments frequently issue this type of bond in order to secure capital. Like other types of bonds, debentures are documented in an indenture. |||Debentures have no collateral. Bond buyers generally purchase debentures based on the belief that the bond issuer is unlikely to default on the repayment. An example of a government debenture would be any government-issued Treasury bond (T-bond) or Treasury bill (T-bill). T-bonds and T-bills are generally considered risk free because governments, at worst, can print off more money or raise taxes to pay these type of debts.
A provision that was added to the Indian Companies Act of 1956 during an amendment in the year 2000. The provision states that any Indian company that issues debentures must create a debenture redemption service to protect investors against the possibility of default by the company. |||Under the provision, debenture redemption reserves will be funded by company profits every year until debentures are to be redeemed. If a company does not create a reserve within 12 months of issuing the debentures, they will be required to pay 2% interest in penalty to the debenture holders. only debentures that were issued after the amendment in 2000 are subject to the debenture redemption service.
Any debt instrument that can be bought or sold between two parties and has basic terms defined, such as notional amount (amount borrowed), interest rate and maturity/renewal date. Debt securities include government bonds, corporate bonds, CDs, municipal bonds, preferred stock, collateralized securities (such as CDOs, CMOs, GNMAs) and zero-coupon securities. The interest rate on a debt security is largely determined by the perceived repayment ability of the borrower; higher risks of payment default almost always lead to higher interest rates to borrow capital.Also known as "fixed-income securities." |||Most debt securities are traded over-the-counter, with much of the trading now conducted electronically. The total dollar value of trades conducted daily in the debt markets is much larger than that of stocks, as debt securities are held by many large institutional investors as well as governments and non-profit organizations. Debt securities on the whole are safer investments than equity securities, but riskier than cash. Debt securities get their measure of safety by having a principal amount that is returned to the lender at the maturity date or upon the sale of the security. They are typically classified and grouped by their level of default risk, the type of issuer and income payment cycles.
A method used by companies with outstanding debt obligations to alter the terms of the debt agreements in order to achieve some advantage. |||Companies use debt restructuring to avoid default on existing debt or to take advantage of a lower interest rate. A company will often issue callable bonds to allow them to readily restructure debt in the future. The existing debt is called and then replaced with new debt at a lower interest rate. Companies can also restructure their debt by altering the terms and provisions of the existing debt issue.
The degree of likelihood that the borrower of a loan or debt will not be able to make the necessary scheduled repayments. Should the borrower be unable to pay, they are then said to be in default of the debt, at which point the lenders of the debt have legal avenues to attempt obtaining at least partial repayment. Generally speaking, the higher the default probability a lender estimates a borrower to have, the higher the interest rate the lender will charge the borrower (as compensation for bearing higher default risk). |||Most people encounter the concept of default probability when they go through the process of purchasing a residence. When a home buyer obtains a mortgage on a piece of real estate, the lending bank makes an assessment of the buyer's default risk and estimates their default probability. The higher this estimated probability, the greater the interest rate applied to the loan.The same logic comes into play when investors buy and sell fixed-income securities on the open market. Companies that are cash-flush and have a low default probability will be able to issue debt at lower interest rates. Investors trading their bonds on the open market will price safer debt with a bit of a premium compared to riskier debt. If a company's financial health worsens over time, investors in the bond market will adjust to the increased risk and trade its bonds at lower prices.
A type of model used by financial institutions to determine the likelihood of a default on credit obligations by a corporation or sovereign entity. These statistical models often use regression analysis (analyzing changes to certain market variables that are pertinent to a company's financial situation) to identify credit risk. |||In most cases, when a default model is run, the result is given as the probability of default. However, other types of default models are used to predict a company's exposure-at-default and loss-given-default. These models predominantly are used by credit rating agencies such as Moody's and Standard & Poor's (S&P).
1. A bond that sells at a significant discount from par value.2. A bond that is selling at a discount from par value and has a coupon rate significantly less than the prevailing rates of fixed-income securities with a similar risk profile. |||1. Typically, a deep-discount bond will have a market price of 20% or more below its face value. These bonds are perceived to be riskier than similar bonds and are thus priced accordingly.2. These low-coupon bonds are typically long term and issued with call provisions. Investors are attracted to these discounted bonds because of their high return or minimal chance of being called before maturity.
A passive form of portfolio management that involves the matching of future cash inflows with future liabilities. The process of dedicating a portfolio may be used as an alternative to multiperiod immunization, which reduces the level of interest rate risk to which a portfolio is exposed. |||Because the portfolio is usually made up of investment-grade instruments, there is generally no need to rebalance it. Additionally, the payments are virtually guaranteed, as there is a low level of default risk associated with investment-grade instruments. An example of a dedicated portfolio strategy could involve a pension fund that will begin making payment distributions to plan members in five years' time. To immunize this cash outflow, which is a liability to the pension fund, the fund could purchase five-year government bonds.
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