A note that carries a fixed (as opposed to floating) charge against the issuer’s property or assets for repayment. The charge will remain on the company’s records until the debenture is repaid. Corporations can issue fixed debentures to finance operations in the same way they issue stock. Fixed debentures can be issued singly or in a series. They pay out a fixed rate of interest at regular intervals. |||Fixed charge debentures require restrictions on the underlying property or asset backing the loan to ensure the lenders' security. For example, a company may issue a fixed debenture to obtain a mortgage; the mortgage would most likely preclude the borrower (company) from subletting the mortgaged property to a third party.
A security issued by a corporation that has a $25 par value (although some are issued with a $1,000 par value) and offers investors a combination of the features of corporate bonds and preferred stock. These securities provide the benefits of attractive yields, fixed monthly, quarterly or semiannual income, investment time frames that are generally predictable (20-49 years, although some are perpetual), liquidity and investment-grade credit quality (in most cases). |||Unlike common and preferred stock dividends, the distributions made on fixed-rate capital securities are fully tax-deductible for the issuer, just like the interest payments on traditional debt instruments. Rating agencies have taken a positive view of this financing tool for the issuer, because it provides long-term capital and permits the deferral of payments should the issuer experience financial difficulties. However, as with preferred stock, such deferrals can only occur if the parent company stops all other stock dividend payments.
A postponement of loan payments, granted by a lender or creditor, for a temporary period of time. This is done to give the borrower time to make up for overdue payments. |||Basically, forbearance allows the borrower to put a temporary hold on his or her monthly payments, usually for up to one year. Forbearance is common for unemployed people with outstanding student loans.
Fixed income products that were originally purchased by investors at a discount for the purpose of paying federal estate taxes upon their maturity. |||Investors would purchase these bonds before their death in anticipation of federal estate taxes. If the bondholder passed away, the bonds would mature at par value and be used as payment for the deceased's federal estate taxes. Also known as estate tax anticipation bonds, the last of these bonds matured in 1998.
A note with a variable interest rate. The adjustments to the interest rate are usually made every six months and are tied to a certain money-market index. Also known as a "floater". |||These protect investors against a rise in interest rates (which have an inverse relationship with bond prices), but also carry lower yields than fixed notes of the same maturity. It's essentially the same concept as a adjustable-rate mortgage, except FRNs are investments (not debt).
An interest rate that is allowed to move up and down with the rest of the market or along with an index. This contrasts with a fixed interest rate, in which the interest rate of a debt obligation stays constant for the duration of the agreement.A floating interest rate can also be referred to as a variable interest rate because it can vary over the duration of the debt obligation. |||For example, residential mortgages can be obtained with a fixed interest rate, which is static and can't change for the duration of the mortgage agreement, or with a floating interest rate, which changes periodically with the market. In the case of floating interest rates in mortgages, and most other floating rate agreements, the prime lending rate is used as a basis for the floating rate, with the agreement stating that the interest rate charged to the borrower is the prime interest rate plus a certain spread.
A bond or other type of debt whose coupon rate changes with market conditions (short-term interest rates). Also known as "floating-rate debt". |||For example, a floater bond may have the coupon rate set at "T-bill rate plus 0.5%". This type of instrument is more beneficial to the holder as interest rates are rising because it allows the holder to participate in the upward movement in rates. Conversely a floater is less advantageous to the holder when rates are decreasing because the rate at which they are receiving interest is declining.
A type of fixed-income security that allows its holder to choose a payment stream from two different sources of debt. Flip-flop notes provide investors with two options of return, allowing them to choose the underlying debt with the higher yield for the period. |||For example, a typical flip-flop note could be comprised of a fixed-rated debt and a floating-coupon bond. If the floating interest rate drops below the fixed coupon, the investor can choose to receive income from the fixed-rate debt. Inversely, when the floating rate exceeds the fixed coupon, the investor would switch to the floating-rate debt for income. In this situation, the flip-flop note is similar to a floating-rate bond with an interest rate floor.
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