A type of mutual fund with a portfolio constructed to match or track the components of a market index, such as the Standard & Poor's 500 Index (S&P 500). An index mutual fund is said to provide broad market exposure, low operating expenses and low portfolio turnover. "Indexing" is a passive form of fund management that has been successful in outperforming most actively managed mutual funds. While the most popular index funds track the S&P 500, a number of other indexes, including the Russell 2000 (small companies), the DJ Wilshire 5000 (total stock market), the MSCI EAFE (foreign stocks in Europe, Australasia, Far East) and the Lehman Aggregate Bond Index (total bond market) are widely used for index funds.Investing in an index fund is a form of passive investing. The primary advantage to such a strategy is the lower management expense ratio on an index fund. Also, a majority of mutual funds fail to beat broad indexes, such as the S&P 500.
A trial process in which a fund company operates a number of funds privately with its own capital or employee capital, and only opens the top performing funds to the public. The higher performing funds that survive the incubation period are used by the fund company to generate business. The funds with unattractive performance, which would be more difficult to market, are liquidated. See also "incubated fund." While there is nothing illegal about this practice, some consider it to be unethical because it can overstate the investing performance of the fund company, creating what is known as incubation bias.For example, suppose that a fund company starts three funds that earn returns of -5%, 2%, and 20%, respectively, over a one-year period. If the fund company only opens the 20% fund to the public and does not disclose the other performances, a bias is created because the average performance of the three funds is actually 5.7%.
A fund that is offered privately when it is first created. Investors of this type of fund are usually employees associated with the fund and their family members. Incubation allows fund managers to keep a fund's size small while testing different investment styles before the fund is available to the public and subject to rules and regulations. These types of funds are never officially called "incubated," but are instead called "limited distribution" funds. There are two paths that can be taken by an incubated fund. If the fund is able to achieve excessive returns it is "born" and made available to the public. However, if returns are not adequate, the fund is liquidated and "buried."The use of incubated funds has come under criticism in recent years. This is because incubated funds are not managed under normal conditions and, therefore, the returns achieved can be greater than normal. When the fund is advertised to the public, it may not be able to replicate the incubated returns it advertises. To avoid problems, investors must be able to identify whether a fund was first an incubated fund. However, this is easier said than done, as fund managers usually attempt to hide a fund's incubator origins.
A fund that combines the features of open-ended and closed-ended schemes, making the fund open for sale or redemption during pre-determined intervals. In other words, this is a mutual fund with redemption features in between those of closed-end and open-end funds.
A mutual fund that can invest in companies located anywhere outside of its investors' country of residence. Also referred to as a "foreign fund". Many people confuse an international fund with a global fund. The difference is that a global fund includes the entire world, while an international fund includes the entire world excluding the investor's home country.
A visual representation of the principal investment characteristics of foreign stocks and foreign stock funds. The international equity style box is a valuable tool for investors to use to determine the risk-return structures of their international stocks/portfolios and/or how these investments fit into their investing criteria.Also known as an "international stock style box". An international equity (stock) style box is comprised of nine squares, or categories, with the investment features of stocks/stock mutual funds presented along its vertical and horizontal axes.Whereas Morningstar uses percentages of its stock database to determine large-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap stocks (company size), internationally, dollar market-capitalizations of less than US$1 billion, US$1 billion to US$5 billion and more than US$5 billion are used to classify companies as small, medium and large, respectively.
A class of mutual fund shares available for sale to investing institutions, either on a load or no-load basis. With sizable minimum investments, usually around $500,000 or more, funds will typically waive any front-end sales charges on these shares. Watch: Mutual Funds Institutions, such as large money managers, often buy a significant number of shares in mutual funds at any one time. Buyers of big blocks of mutual fund shares expect, and often receive, a break on commission charges. Because of the large investments required to receive these breaks, individual investors typically cannot afford these shares.
One of the most acclaimed mutual fund investors and portfolio managers of the past 40 years. John Neff is often considered a contrarian investor who is not largely concerned with rigorous security analysis and implemented such strategies as emphasizing a low P/E ratio investments. He resembles other investors such as Warren Buffett in that he looks strongly to ROE (return on equity) as a prime quality indicator. John managed Vanguard's Windsor fund from 1961 to 1995. In that time, the fund averaged 13.7% per year, compared to 10.6% for the Standard and Poor's 500 Index. He also published a highly acclaimed book on investment strategies in 2001, "John Neff on Investing".
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