A variation of the Black-Scholes model that allows for the valuation of options on futures contracts. In 1976, Fisher Black, one of the developers of the Black-Scholes model (introduced in 1973), demonstrated how the Black-Scholes model could be modified in order to value European call or put options on futures contracts.
A model of price variation over time of financial instruments such as stocks that can, among other things, be used to determine the price of a European call option. The model assumes that the price of heavily traded assets follow a geometric Brownian motion with constant drift and volatility. When applied to a stock option, the model incorporates the constant price variation of the stock, the time value of money, the option's strike price and the time to the option's expiry.Also known as the Black-Scholes-Merton Model. The Black Scholes Model is one of the most important concepts in modern financial theory. It was developed in 1973 by Fisher Black, Robert Merton and Myron Scholes and is still widely used today, and regarded as one of the best ways of determining fair prices of options.There are a number of variants of the original Black-Scholes model.
An options valuation method developed by Cox, et al, in 1979. The binomial option pricing model uses an iterative procedure, allowing for the specification of nodes, or points in time, during the time span between the valuation date and the option's expiration date. The model reduces possibilities of price changes, removes the possibility for arbitrage, assumes a perfectly efficient market, and shortens the duration of the option. Under these simplifications, it is able to provide a mathematical valuation of the option at each point in time specified. The binomial model takes a risk-neutral approach to valuation. It assumes that underlying security prices can only either increase or decrease with time until the option expires worthless. A simplified example of a binomial tree might look something like this:Due to its simple and iterative structure, the model presents certain unique advantages. For example, since it provides a stream of valuations for a derivative for each node in a span of time, it is useful for valuing derivatives such as American options which allow the owner to exercise the option at any point in time until expiration (unlike European options which are exercisable only at expiration). The model is also somewhat simple mathematically when compared to counterparts such as the Black-Scholes model, and is therefore relatively easy to build and implement with a computer spreadsheet.
A type of option in which the payoff is structured to be either a fixed amount of compensation if the option expires in the money, or nothing at all if the option expires out of the money.These types of options are different from plain vanilla options Also sometimes referred to as "all-or-nothing options" or "digital options". For example, suppose you were interested in buying binary call options for common shares of ABC company with a strike price of $50 per share and a specified binary payoff of $500. If the stock is trading above $50 when the expiration date is reached, you would receive the $500 payoff for your option contract. However, if the stock is trading below $50 per share at the expiration date, you receive nothing.
A type of option that can only be exercised on predetermined dates, usually every month. Like the mixed culture of Bermuda, bermuda options are a combination of American and European style options.
1. An option strategy seeking maximum profit when the price of the underlying security declines. The strategy involves the simultaneous purchase and sale of options; puts or calls can be used. A higher strike price is purchased and a lower strike price is sold. The options should have the same expiration date. 2. A trading strategy used by futures traders who intend to profit from the decline in commodity prices while limiting potentially damaging losses. 1. You make money if the underlying goes down and lose if the underlying rises in price. 2. A bear spread is created through the simultaneous purchase and sale of two of the same or closely related futures contracts. This is accomplished in the agricultural commodity markets by selling a future and offsetting it by purchasing a similar contract with an extended delivery date.
A type of options strategy used when an option trader expects a decline in the price of the underlying asset. Bear Put Spread is achieved by purchasing put options at a specific strike price while also selling the same number of puts at a lower strike price. The maximum profit to be gained using this strategy is equal to the difference between the two strike prices, minus the net cost of the options. For example, let's assume that a stock is trading at $30. An option trader can use a bear put spread by purchasing one put option contract with a strike price of $35 for a cost of $475 ($4.75 * 100 shares/contract) and selling one put option contract with a strike price of $30 for $175 ($1.75 * 100 shares/contract). In this case, the investor will need to pay a total of $300 to set up this strategy ($475 - $175). If the price of the underlying asset closes below $30 upon expiration, then the investor will realize a total profit of $200 (($35 - $30 * 100 shares/contract) - ($475 - $175)).
An arrangement made between a buyer and seller giving either party the ability, at some future date, to determine the cash price of the forward sales agreement. once the basis of a futures contract is booked, it is applied to the current futures price and is maintained for the duration of the contract. Also known as "deferred pricing." Booking the basis is used to calculate what the price will be at some time in the future. First the parties agree upon the formula or basis. Then, at a later date, the price is found by applying the previously agreed upon basis to the current futures quotation.
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