The study of the way people interact within groups. Normally this study is applied in an attempt to create more efficient business organizations. The central idea of the study of organizational behavior is that a scientific approach can be applied to the management of workers. Organizational behavior theories are used for human resource purposes to maximize the output from individual group members. |||There are a variety of different models and philosophies of organizational behavior. Areas of research include improving job performance, increasing job satisfaction, promoting innovation and encouraging leadership. In order to achieve the desired results, managers may adopt different tactics, including reorganizing groups, modifying compensation structures and changing the way performance is evaluated.
A description of an investor who, when faced with two investments with a similar expected return (but different risks), will prefer the one with the lower risk. A risk-averse investor dislikes risk, and therefore will stay away from adding high-risk stocks or investments to their portfolio and in turn will often lose out on higher rates of return. Investors looking for "safer" investments will generally stick to index funds and government bonds, which generally have lower returns.
《国际专利分类斯特拉斯堡协定》概述 《国际专利分类斯特拉斯堡协定》(International Patent classification Agreement,IPCA),简称《斯特拉斯堡协定》(Strasbourg agreement,SA),是巴黎公约成员国间缔结的有关建立专利国际分类的专门协定之一。1971年3月24日在法国斯特拉斯堡签订。 《斯特拉斯堡协定》共17条。其主要内容包括:专门联盟的建立;国际分类法的采用;分类法的定义、语言、使用;专家委员会;专门联盟的大会;国际局;财务;修订;缔约国;生效;有效期;退出;签字、语言、通知、保存职责;过渡条款。该协定目的是为了普遍采用一种统一的专利、发明人证书、实用新型和实用证书的分类系统,在工业产权领域建立较为密切的国际合作,协调各国在该领域的立法工作。该协定建立了国际专利分类系统,把技术分为8个部和69,000个小类。每1个小类有1个标志符,由各国家或地区工业产权局标注。 《斯特拉斯堡协定》是根据1954年的发明专利国际分类欧洲公约创建的发明专利国际分类法制订的。这一分类法普遍的价值不但对保护工业产权巴黎公约的全体缔约国的重要,而且对发展中国家的同样重要。该协定由世界知识产权组织管理,并向《保护工业产权巴黎公约》的所有成员国开放。协定规定缔约国对一切专利文件都应标注适当的国际专利符号。任何国家,不论是否协定的缔约国,均可使用该分类法。国际专利分类系统每5年修订一次。只有参加《斯特拉斯堡》的巴黎联盟成员国才有权参与国际专利分类系统的修订工作。 截至2004年12月31日,缔约方总数为55个国家。1996年6月17日,中国政府向世界知识产权组织递交加入书,1997年6月19日中国成为该协定成员国。 《国际专利分类斯特拉斯堡协定》全文 各缔约国,考虑到普遍采用一种统一的专利、发明人证书、实用新型和实用证书的分类系统,是符合全体的利益的,而且可能在工业产权领域建立较为密切的国际合作,有助于协调各国在该领域的立法工作;认识到1954年12月19日的发明专利国际分类欧洲公约的重要性,根据这一公约,欧洲理事会创建了发明专利国际分类法;注意到这一分类法的普遍价值及其对保护工业产权巴黎公约的全体缔约国的重要性;注意到这一分类法对发展中国家的重要性,将使这些国家比较容易地获得一直在大量发展的现代技术;注意到1883年3月20日在巴黎签订、1900年12月14日在布鲁塞尔、1911年6月2日在华盛顿、1925年11月 6日在海牙、1934年6月2日在伦敦、1958年10月31日在里斯本、1967年7月14日在斯德哥尔摩先后修订的保护工业产权巴黎公约第十九条的规定,达成协议如下: 第一条 专门联盟的建立;国际分类法的采用 适用本协定的国家组成专门联盟,对发明专利、发明人证书、实用新型和实用证书采用相同的分类法,即已知的“国际专利分类法”(以下简称“本分类法”)。 第二条 本分类法的定义 (1)(a)本分类法包括: (Ⅰ)依据1954年12月19日的发明专利国际分类欧洲公约(以下简称“欧洲公约”)的规定而制订的、1968年9月1日生效并由欧洲理事会秘书长公布的分类法正文; (Ⅱ)在本协定生效之前依据欧洲公约第二第(2)款生效的修正案;
买入汇率 Bid Rate 也叫买入价,是外汇银行向同业或者客户买进外汇 时所使用的汇率。因为其客户主要是出口商,所以买入汇率又称 为出口汇率。在直接标价法下,外币折合成本国货币数额较少的 那个汇率就是买入价。在间接标价法下刚好相反,本国货币数额 较多的那个汇率为买入价。
Electronic funds that are deposited directly into your bank account rather than through a paper check. Common uses of a direct deposit include income tax refunds and pay checks. As a whole, direct deposit is the most popular form of payment as it eliminates the risk of losing a check and eliminates the need to physically visit a bank to make a deposit. Direct deposit allows an employee's pay to be immediately available in their accounts at midnight the day before pay day and it is not subject to a check clearing wait period. Salaries paid via check can take a week or more to clear within their account. Direct deposits are also popular for income tax refunds, as it is the fastest method of payment.
The direct conversion of ownership (from one ownership type to another) of an underlying asset without any initial cash outlay from the investor. Many cashless conversions are automatically triggered on a specific date as specified in the original contract, and will typically affect an entire class of shares or contracts. Taobiz explains Cashless Conversion Some examples of cashless conversions are from warrants to stock, preferred shares to common shares and stock options to common stock. In a standard cashless conversion, there is no upfront cost because the transaction will usually be immediately profitable for the investor. If there are any costs involved, they will be paid from the proceeds of the conversion. In the case of warrants, there will often be cashless conversions when the warrant contract runs out if certain breakpoints in the underlying asset or interest rates have been met.
清官名。北洋通商大臣的简称。清朝末年官职设立于1870年全称为北洋通商大臣管理直隶(今河北)、山东、奉天(今辽宁)三省通商、洋务,办理有关外交、海防、关税及官办军事工业等事宜。 又称北洋通商大臣。清末办理北部中国洋务的钦差大臣。1870年(同治九年)天津教案发生,工部尚书毛昶熙上奏认为,这是由于三口通商大臣无统辖地方之责,地方官不肯协助造成的。经总理衙门议复,同治帝批准,三口通商大臣改由直隶总督兼任,颁给钦差大臣关防。职掌承继三口通商大臣,又有所扩大。除对外交涉、通商、海防事务,还负责办理招商、电报、煤矿、铁路以及训练北洋海陆军、统辖海关关税等事务。第一任北洋大臣是李鸿章,专此责28年之久。王文韶、荣禄、袁世凯也先后任职。
In the securities market, a transaction made in a desperate attempt to recover previous losses. The term was coined with the idea that if a trader fails in his or her attempt to recover previous losses, he or she would have to hop on a plane to Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, in order to escape from creditors.