英文名称:Devaluation 中文名称:贬值指单位货币价值减少,一单位本国货币兑换外国货币的能力下降。与之对应的是升值(appreciation)。e.g. Meanwhile, the devaluation of the U.S. dollar and soaring oil prices would increase further global inflationary pressures. A deliberate downward adjustment to a country's official exchange rate relative to other currencies. In a fixed exchange rate regime, only a decision by a country's government (i.e central bank) can alter the official value of the currency. Contrast to "revaluation". There are two implications for a currency devaluation. First, devaluation makes a country's exports relatively less expensive for foreigners and second, it makes foreign products relatively more expensive for domestic consumers, discouraging imports. As a result, this may help to reduce a country's trade deficit.
本票(Promissory Note) 目录 1 本票概述 本票概述 本票(Promissory Note)是一项书面的无条件的支付承诺,由一个人作成,并交给另一人,经制票人签名承诺,即期或定期或在可以确定的将来时间,支付一定数目的金钱给一个特定的人或其指定人或来人。 我国《票据法》对本票的定义,指的是银行本票,指出票人签发的,承诺自己在见票时无条件支付确定金额给收款人或者持票人的票据。 国外票据法,允许企业和个人签发本票,称为一般本票。但在国际贸易中使用的本票,均为银行本票。银行本票都是即期的。一般本票可以是即期的或远期的。 而狭义的外汇中的本票仅指银行本票,不包括商业本票,个人本票。 本票的出票人必须具有支付本票金额的可靠资金来源,并保证支付。 A written, dated and signed two-party instrument containing an unconditional promise by the maker to pay a definite sum of money to a payee on demand or at a specified future date. The only difference between a promissory note and a bill of exchange is that the maker of a note pays the payee personally, rather than ordering a third party to do so. When a bank is the maker promising to repay money it has received plus interest, the promissory note is called a certificate of deposit (CD).
目录 1资产类别 2Asset Class 资产类别 一个对投资的归类,比如股票,债券,现金和商品。这四个类别的任意一种都趋向于以类似的形式产生风险(如利率升高)并受制于同样的监管要求。 Asset Class A specific grouping of investments, such as stocks (equity), bonds (debt), cash (currency) and commodities. The investments in each of the four groups tend to react to risk (such as a rise in interest rates) in a similar way and are governed by the same regulatory requirements. A group of securities that exhibit similar characteristics, behave similarly in the marketplace, and are subject to the same laws and regulations. The three main asset classes are equities (stocks), fixed-income (bonds) and cash equivalents (money market instruments). It should be noted that in addition to the three main asset classes, some investment professionals would add real estate and commodities, and possibly other types of investments, to the asset class mix. Whatever the asset class lineup, each one is expected to reflect different risk and return investment characteristics, and will perform differently in any given market environment.Asset classes and asset class categories are often mixed together. In other words, describing large-cap stocks or short-term bonds asset classes is incorrect. These investment vehicles are asset class categories, and are used for diversification purposes.
纳斯达克(Nasdaq)是全美证券商协会自动报价系统(National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations)英文缩写,但目前已成为纳斯达克股票市场的代名词。信息和服务业的兴起催生了纳斯达克。纳斯达克始建于1971年,是一个完全采用电子交易、为新兴产业提供竞争舞台、自我监管、面向全球的股票市场。纳斯达克是全美也是世界最大的股票电子交易市场。 纳斯达克(NASDAQ)是美国全国证券交易商协会于1968年着手创建的自动报价系统名称的英文简称。纳斯达克的特点是收集和发布场外交易非上市股票的证券商报价。它现已成为全球最大的证券交易市场。目前的上市公司有5200多家。纳斯达克又是全世界第一个采用电子交易的股市,它在55个国家和地区设有26万多个计算机销售终端。 纳斯达克指数是反映纳斯达克证券市场行情变化的股票价格平均指数,基本指数为100。纳斯达克的上市公司涵盖所有新技术行业,包括软件和计算机、电信、生物技术、零售和批发贸易等。世人瞩目的微软公司便是通过纳斯达克上市并获得成功的。 纳斯达克(NASDAQ)股票市场是世界上主要的股票市场中成长速度最快的市场,而且它是首家电子化的股票市场。每天在美国市场上换手的股票中有超过半数的交易在纳斯达克上进行的,将近有5400家公司的证券在这个市场上挂牌。 纳斯达克在传统的交易方式上通过应用当今先进的技术和信息——计算机和电讯技术术使它与其它股票市场相比独树一帜,代表着世界上最大的几家证券公司的 519位券商被称作做市商,他们在纳斯达克上提供了6万个竟买和竟卖价格。这些大范围的活动由一个庞大的计算机网络进行处理,向遍布52个国家的投资者显 示其中的最优报价。(包括70多个电脑终端) 纳斯达克拥有各种各样的做市商,投资者在纳斯达克市场上任何一支挂牌的股票的交易都采取 公开竞争来完成——用他们的自有资本来买卖纳斯达克股票。这种竞争活动和资本提供活动使交易活跃地进行,广泛有序的市场、指令的迅速执行为大小投资者买卖 股票提供了有利条件。这一切不同于拍卖市场。它有一个单独的指定交易员,或特定的人。这个人被指定负责一种股票在这处市场上的所有交易,并负责搓合买卖双 方,在必要时为了保持交易的不断进行还要充当交易者的角色。 纳斯达克增大了交易市场中的优秀因素,并增强了他的交易系统,这些改进使纳斯达克有能力把投资者的指令发送到其它的电子通讯网络中去,感觉好像进入了一个拍卖市场。 A computerized system that facilitates trading and provides price quotations on more than 5,000 of the more actively traded over the counter stocks. Created in 1971, the Nasdaq was the world's first electronic stock market. Stocks on the Nasdaq are traditionally listed under four or five letter ticker symbols. If the company is a transfer from the New York Stock Exchange, the symbol may be comprised of three letters. The term "Nasdaq" used to be capitalized "NASDAQ" as an acronym for National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation. The acronym is no longer used and Nasdaq is now a proper noun. The Nasdaq is traditionally home to many high-tech stocks, such as Microsoft, Intel, Dell and Cisco.
目录 1资产互换 2Asset Swap 资产互换 在一个典型的资产互换中,庄家向客户以市场价向客户购买一个债券,并且以浮动票据的牌价卖给客户。然后庄家再与另一个交易伙伴定下固定换浮动互换中,来抵消浮动率的义务和债券现金流。 Asset Swap In a typical asset swap, a dealer buys a bond from a customer at the market price and sells to the customer a floating rate note at par. The dealer then enters into a fixed-for-floating swap with another counterparty to offset the floating rate obligation and the bond cash flows. Similar in structure to a plain vanilla swap, the key difference is the underlying of the swap contract. Rather than regular fixed and floating loan interest rates being swapped, fixed and floating investments are being exchanged. In a plain vanilla swap, a fixed libor is swapped for a floating libor. In an asset swap, a fixed investment such as a bond with guaranteed coupon payments is being swapped for a floating investment such as an index.
英文名称:Accrued Interest 中文名称:应计利息指证券自上次付息日以来所累积的利息,须由证券的买方支付给卖方。如果证券在两个利息支付日之间出售,则买方通常要以在买价中包含应计利息或单独支付利息等方式补偿卖方。e.g. Before July 1, the bank calculated the value of the securities based on the purchase price and the accrued interest.1. A term used to describe an accrual accounting method when interest that is either payable or receivable has been recognized, but not yet paid or received. Accrued interest occurs as a result of the difference in timing of cash flows and the measurement of these cash flows. 2. The interest that has accumulated on a bond since the last interest payment up to, but not including, the settlement date. 1. For example, accrued interest receivable occurs when interest on an outstanding receivable has been earned by the company, but has not yet been received. A loan to a customer for goods sold would result in interest being charged on the loan. If the loan is extended on October 1 and the lending company's year ends on December 31, there will be two months of accrued interest receivable recorded as interest revenue in the company's financial statements for the year. 2. Accrued interest is added to the contract price of a bond transaction. Accrued interest is that which has been earned since the last coupon payment. Because the bond hasn't expired or the next payment is not yet due, the owner of the bond hasn't officially received the money. If he or she sells the bond, accrued interest is added to the sale price. 目录 1累计利息 2Accrued Interest 累计利息 下一个票息在今日的累计值(但是还未付),换句话说,这是债券自从上个票息起累计的利息。 Accrued Interest The current value of the earned portion of the next coupon payment due (but not yet paid) on a transaction or, in other words, the interest that has accumulated on a bond since the last coupon payment at any point up to but not including the valuation date.
概述 马尔可夫分析法(markov analysis)又称为马尔可夫转移矩阵法,是指在马尔可夫过程的假设前提下,通过分析随机变量的现时变化情况来预测这些变量未来变化情况的一种预测方法。 马尔可夫分析起源于俄国数学家安德烈·马尔可夫对成链的试验序列的研究。1907年马尔可夫发现某些随机事件的第N次试验结果常决定于它的前一次(N-1次)试验结果,马尔可夫假定各次转移过程中的转移概率无后效性,用以对物理学中的布朗运动作出数学描述;1923年由美国数学家诺伯特·维纳提出连续轨道的马尔可夫过程的严格数学结构;30-40年代由柯尔莫戈罗夫、费勒、德布林、莱维和杜布等人建立了马尔可夫过程的一般理论,并把时间序列转移概率的链式称为马尔可夫链。马尔可夫分析法已成为市场预测的有效工具,用来预测顾客的购买行为和商品的市场占有率等,同时也应用在企业的人力资源管理上。马尔可夫分析法的涵义 单个生产厂家的产品在同类商品总额中所占的比率,称为该厂产品的市场占有率。在激烈的竞争中,市场占有率随产品的质量、消费者的偏好以及企业的促销作用等因素而发生变化,企业在对产品种类与经营方向做出决策时,需要预测各种商品之间不断转移的市场占有率。 市场占有率的预测可采用马尔可夫分析法,也就是运用转移概率矩阵对市场占有率进行市场趋势分析的方法。俄国数学家马尔可夫在20世纪初发现:一个系统的某些因素在转移中,第N次结果只受第N-1次结果影响,只与当前所处状态有关,与其他无关。例如:研究一个商店的累计销售额,如果现在时刻的累计销售额已知,则未来某一时刻的累计销售额与现在时刻以前的任一时刻的累计销售额都无关。 在马尔可夫分析中,引入状态转移这个概念。所谓状态是指客观事物可能出现或存在的状态;状态转移是指客观事物由一种状态转移到另一种状态的概率。 马尔可夫分析法的一般步骤为: 1、调查目前的市场占有率情况; 都说点 2、调查消费者购买产品时的变动情况; 3、建立数学模型; 4、预测未来市场的占有率。马尔可夫分析模型 实际分析中,往往需要知道经过一段时间后,市场趋势分析对象可能处于的状态,这就要求建立一个能反映变化规律的数学模型。马尔可夫市场趋势分析模型是利用概率建立一种随机型的时序模型,并用于进行市场趋势分析的方法。 马尔可夫分析法的基本模型为: X(K+1)=X(K)×P 式中:X(K)表示趋势分析与预测对象在T=K时刻的状态向量,P表示一步转移概率矩阵,X(K+1)表示趋势分析与预测对象在T=K+1时刻的状态向量。 必须指出的是,上述模型只适用于具有马尔可夫性的时间序列,并且各时刻的状态转移概率保持稳定,若时间序列的状态转移概率随不同的时刻在变化,不宜用此方法。由于实际的客观事物很难长期保持同一状态的转移概率,故此法一般适用于短期的趋势分析与预测。马尔可夫分析法的应用市场预测方面的应用 马尔可夫分析法是研究随机事件变化趋势的一种方法。市场商品供应的变化经常受到各种不确定因素的影响而带有随机性,企业要根据对市场占有率的预测结果采取各种措施争取顾客,如果这种随机性具有无后效性,则用马尔可夫分析法可以对其未来发展趋势进行市场趋势分析,从而采取相应措施提高市场占有率。提高市场占有率一般可采取三种策略: (1)设法保持原有顾客; (2)尽量争取其他顾客; (3)既要保持原有顾客又要争取新的顾客。 第三种策略是前两种策略的综合运用,其效果比单独使用一种策略要好,但其所需费用较高。如果接近于平稳状态时,一般不必花费竞争费用,所以既要注意市场平稳状态的分析,又要注意市场占有率的长期趋势的分析。 争取顾客、提高市场占有率的策略和措施一般有: (1)扩大宣传。主要采取广告方式,通过大众媒体向公众宣传商品特征和顾客所能得到的利益,激起消费者的注意和兴趣。 (2)扩大销售。除联系现有顾客外,积极地寻找潜在顾客,开拓市场。如向顾客提供必要的服务等。 (3)改进包装。便于顾客携带,增加商品种类、规格、花色,便于顾客挑选,激发顾客购买兴趣。 (4)开展促销活动。如展销、分期付款等。 (5)调整经营策略。根据市场变化,针对现有情况调整销售策略,如批量优待、调整价格、市场渗透、提高产品性能、扩大产品用途、降低产品成本等,以保持市场占有率和扩大市场占有率。人力资源方面的应用 在应用到人力资源管理方面时,马尔可夫分析法是组织内部人力资源供给预测的一种方法,这种方法用于具有相等时间间隔的时刻点上各类人员的分布状况。在具体运用中,假设给定时期内从低一级向上一级或从某一职位转移到另一职位的人数是起始时刻总人数的一个固定比例,即转移率一定,在给定各类人员起始人数、转移率和未来补充人数的条件下,就可以确定出各类人员的未来分布状况,作出人员供给的预测。这种分析方法通常通过流动可能性比例矩阵来进行预测某一岗位上工作的人员流向组织内部另一岗位或离开的可能性。 马尔可夫分析法的适用范围包括: (1)适用于人员流动比例相对稳定的公司; (2 )适用于每一级别员工人数至少有50 人的公司,但人数稍多时也可使用; (3 )流向某岗位的人数取决于该岗位空缺的数量。分析用户信息需求方面的应用 马尔科夫分析法:用户获取和吸收信息的过程是一个随机过程,研究用户的行为规律必须求助于随机过程分析理论,其中马尔科夫分析理论是一种可以适用于信息用户研究的有效理论。一般来说如果将用户的信息行为过程分为几个阶段,不难发现,后一阶段的行为直接手前一阶段的影响,而较少受前几个阶段的影响,这便是一个近似的一阶马尔科夫过程。运用马尔科夫过程分析理论,可以从研究用户行为转化频数入手转化为概率巨狠,已确立用户的信息行为状态,掌握用户的基本情况。
52周高点/低点The highest and lowest price at which a stock has traded in the past 12 months, or 52 weeks. Many investors see the 52-week high or low as an important indicator. For example, a value investor may view a stock trading at a 52-week low as an initial indication of a possible value play (a stock sitting at a price below its intrinsic value). An astute value investor will have to conduct a lot more analysis to come to this conclusion, but the fact that the stock is trading at its 52-week low can be a potential starting point.