损失厌恶概述 损失厌恶是指人们面对同样数量的收益和损失时,认为损失更加令他们难以忍受。同量的损失带来的负效用为同量收益的正效用的2.5倍。损失厌恶反映了人们的风险偏好并不是一致的,当涉及的是收益时,人们表现为风险厌恶;当涉及的是损失时,人们则表现为风险寻求。 例如,试验显示,许多人宁愿选择无风险(即100%的机会)地获得$3000,而不会选择有80%的机会赢得$4000的赌博;然而,在同样的这些人当中会有一些人偏爱20%的机会赢得$4000,而不会选择25%的机会赢得$3000。实际上,后一组方案的形成只是将前一组方案的原有概率分别降低75% 而已。 还有一种情况是短视损失厌恶(myopic loss aversion)。在证券投资中,长期收益可能会周期性地被短视损失所打断,短视的投资者把股票市场视同赌场,过分强调潜在的短期损失。这些投资者可能没有意识到,通货膨胀的长期影响可能会远远超过短期内股票的涨跌。由于短视的损失厌恶,人们在其长期的资产配置中,可能过于保守。 目录 1损失厌恶的理论研究 损失厌恶的理论研究 损失厌恶是KahnemanandTversky的前景理论的又一个理论基石,被行为经济学家应用到消费决策、生产/供给、投资等多个领域。Benartzi and Thaler首先尝试用投资者损失厌恶来解释股权溢价之谜,他重点考察了投资者投资成果评价期限对投资收益的影响。 Barberis(2001)将传统的效用函数和展望理论结合起来,表明由于损失给投资者带来的痛苦远远大于等量收益给投资带来的安慰,所以投资者为避免损失必须要求风险资产有较高的期望收益,相反,由于无风险债券给投资者带来稳定的收益,投资者要求的收益率较低,Arjan(2000)讨论了在损失厌恶下投资者的最优投资组合策略问题。由于收益的分布影响到损失厌恶对股权溢价之谜的解释力度,Martin(2005)放宽了模型中关于收益率独立同分布的假定,而应用更为宽松的GARCH分布研究结论支持了损失厌恶可解释股权溢价之谜的观点。
什么是大盘低价股 大盘低价股由于流通股较大,股价相对较为呆滞,虽说庄家筹码收集不太难,但炒作周期相对较长,所需要的资金量也相对较大,所以也是庄家炒作较易失败的个股,其难点在于庄家在拉高之后的派发过程,稍有不慎庄家有可能陷入被套的境地。 大盘低价股的特征 1.在底部区间,一般吸货的时间极为漫长,在一段较长的时间内,股价表现为一个低位盘整区,形态上多以多重底、圆弧底为主; 2.在低位吸足了充分的筹码之后,其拉升往往在较短的时间里完成,这与重组股的逐波炒作有所不同; 3.在出货中,往往采用震荡式出货法,因为单日反转出货和杀跌出货对股价影响较大,而导致手中剩余筹码难于出清; 4.在出货完毕之后,股价呈现一路下滑,难以出现较大幅度的反弹。 大盘低价股的操作要点 在放量突破长期整理区间时介入。 大盘低价股的实战图例 深宝安(0009)从深宝安的走势观察,该股自1999年5月份至2000年1月份,受到了庄家的注意,庄家采取了暗中吸筹的操作手法,并在“5·19”行情中表现出一定的抗涨性,当时宝安正在逐步减持延中实业和大连热电的股票,进行大规模的战线收缩,这为以后的资产重组和经营转型打下了良好的基础。进入2000年以后,大盘进人快速上行阶段,但当时大盘低价股仍表现一般,故该股在2000年3月中旬拉升之前,继续采取台阶式的吸筹手法,后在大盘热点向低价股转移时,该股展开气势磅礴的拉升行情。但由于流通盘较大,故在4月17至5月12日之间进行接近一个月的洗盘,当主力控盘程度进一步集中之后,该股再度走强,此时明显强于大市,直到6月中旬才进入高位震荡派发阶段,随后公司公布了有关资产重组方案,进军信息产业,受此消息影响,大批散户进场,而此时该股涨升无力,高位震荡放量,表明主力已有部分减持,在9月6日该股法人转配股流通之前,主力再度拉升行情,给市场一种“转配股行情”即将展开的感觉,但转配股上市之后,该股一路下滑如图所示。 大盘低价股的注意事项 决不可在高位带量整理时介入,因为大盘股的炒作过程中拉升的波段相对较少,高位带量整理一般是头部的象征。
The action of a trader/investor increasing a position in an asset when its price is heading in the direction that's opposite to what the investor/trader desires. This is generally not a wise investment decision because unless the asset begins to move in the desired direction, the investor's losses will increase. An investor might add to a losing position instead of closing it because he or she gets emotionally attached to the asset and has a hard time accepting that it was a bad investment. once the trade moves substantially in the wrong direction, however, it may be time to consider closing out or re-evaluating the reason for having the position rather than putting more money at risk.
什么是绩效导向 绩效是成绩与成效的综合,是一定时期内的工作行为、方式、结果及其产生的客观影响。在企业中,员工的绩效具体表现为完成工作的数量、质量、成本费用以及为企业作出的其他贡献等。 绩效导向就是以结果作为衡量工作成效的主要依据;重点关注提高绩效、实现目标和产出结果。 绩效导向的个人特质 1、设置目标。为自己、下属和组织设定清晰、可衡量的、具有挑战性的工作目标。 2、跟踪绩效。密切关注目标的实现状况,掌握工作进展。 3、提升绩效。主动寻找影响绩效的问题和机会,寻求改进绩效的方法。 4、评价绩效。以可衡量的业绩为主要依据对员工进行绩效评价。 绩效导向的等级描述 A-1级:对业绩漠不关心,固步自封,不愿意积极进取,对下属的评价根据自己的喜好而不是业务好坏。 A-0级:对业绩比较关注,努力提高自己的业绩;能为下属制定可衡量的、具有挑战性的工作目标,并加以督导;强调业绩的重要性。 A+1级:具有不甘于人后,勇往直前,不断创造佳绩的决心和勇气;督促下属就工作进展及时反馈;明确确定任务的完成时间和标准;经常强调工作表现在绩效考核中的重要性。 A+2级:以业绩为衡量结果的标准,工作重心始终在提高绩效、实现目标与产出结果上;经常性的主动寻找影响绩效的问题和机会,寻找改进绩效的办法。
The currency abbreviation or currency symbol for the Hungarian forint (HUF), the currency for Hungary. The forint is made up of 100 filler and is often presented with the symbol Ft. The forint gets its name from gold coins called fiorino d'oro, which were minted in the city of Florence in the middle ages. |||The forint was first seen with its present name in Hungary in 1325. This currency was used throughout the middle ages and the Renaissance, emerging as the currency used by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was discontinued after World War I and then reactivated in 1946 by the Hungarian Communist Party. The future of the forint is uncertain, as it may be wholly replaced by the euro after 2012.
什么是大型股票 西方的一些投资分析专家认为,大型股票是指资本额在10亿元以上的大公司所发行的股票。 大型股票的特点 大型股票的特点是其盈余收入大多呈现稳步而缓慢的变化。由于炒家不会轻易介入这类股票的炒买炒卖,其股价涨跌幅度较小。大型股票的长期价格走向与公司的盈余密切相关,短期价格的涨跌与利率的走向成反向变化。当利率升高时,其股价降低;当利率降低时,其股价升高。 大型股票的买卖策略 大型股票的买卖策略是: (1)大型股票在过去的最低价和最高价具有较强的支撑和阻力作用,投资者要把其作为股票买卖时的重要参考依据。 (2)当投资者估计短期内利率将提高时,应抛出股票,等待利率真的升高后,再予以补进;当预计短期内利率将降低时,应买进股票,等利率真的降低后,再予以卖出。 (3)投资者要在经济不景气后期的低价圈里买进股票,而在业绩明显好转、股价大幅升高时予以卖出。 相关条目 中小型股票小型股票
The use of a human element, such as a single manager, co-managers or a team of managers, to actively manage a fund's portfolio. Active managers rely on analytical research, forecasts, and their own judgment and experience in making investment decisions on what securities to buy, hold and sell. The opposite of active management is called passive management, better known as "indexing". Investors who believe in active management do not follow the efficient market hypothesis. They believe it is possible to profit from the stock market through any number of strategies that aim to identify mispriced securities.Investment companies and fund sponsors believe it's possible to outperform the market, and employ professional investment managers to manage one or more of the company's mutual funds. The objective with active management is to produce better returns than those of passively managed index funds. For example, a large cap stock fund manager would look to beat the performance of the Standard & Poor's 500 Index. Unfortunately, for a large majority of active managers, this has been difficult. This phenomenon is simply a reflection of how hard it is, no matter how smart the manager, to beat the market.
The currency abbreviation or currency symbol for the Haitian Gourde (HTG), the currency for Haiti. The Haitian Gourde is made up of 100 centimes and is often presented with the symbol (G). Despite changes in currency valuation, five gourdes is still sometimes referred to as a "Haitian dollar", and prices are often quoted in this informal denomination. |||The Gourde was first seen in 1813 and has evolved in three phases. The Gourde was revalued in 1870 and again in 1872. The Gourde was pegged to the Franc in 1881 and the dollar in 1912. This link was discontinued in 1989 and the Gourde is now a floating currency. Gourdes are now issued in denominations of 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000.