In the U.K., the amount of expenditures less the total receipts taken in by the government. Public sector net borrowing is the measure of fiscal surpluses and deficits along with the amount of new debt created. If this number is positive, it means the U.K. is running a fiscal deficit, while a negative number represents a fiscal surplus. |||The Office of National Statistics in the U.K. issues an estimate of the public sector net borrowing each month. This statistic is often used by forex traders to determine the fundamental health of the British economy and currency.
Someone who is high up in a company due to unfair hiring practices, such as nepotism, and doesn't really do anything for the company. It could also refer to someone who makes themselves out to be much more able or important than they really are. Generally, the term is used to describe someone who is not particularly good at their job. Empty suits can be found in many large organizations. Incompetent employees who know how to work the system can climb into positions of authority that they really don't deserve or aren't able to maintain effectively. Some consider governmental positions to be commonly filled by empty suits that were appointed for political reasons.
An arrangement made between a buyer and seller giving either party the ability, at some future date, to determine the cash price of the forward sales agreement. once the basis of a futures contract is booked, it is applied to the current futures price and is maintained for the duration of the contract. Also known as "deferred pricing." Booking the basis is used to calculate what the price will be at some time in the future. First the parties agree upon the formula or basis. Then, at a later date, the price is found by applying the previously agreed upon basis to the current futures quotation.
什么是股东出资 股东出资是指股东(包括发起人和认股人)在公司设立或者增加资本时，为取得股份或股权，根据协议的约定以及法律和章程的规定向公司交付财产或履行其他给付义务。 股东出资是股东的基本义务。 目录 1 股东出资的方式 2 股东出资的法律意义 3 股东出资的步骤 股东出资的方式 《中华人民共和国公司法》第27条第1款规定：“股东可以用货币出资，也可以用事物、知识产权、土地使用权等可以用货币估价并可以依法转让德非货币财产作价出资；但是，法律、行政法规不得作为出资的财产除外。”由此可见，我国《公司法》所确认的股东出资方式有货币和非货币财产两种，具体可分为： 1、货币 这里所说的货币，通常是指我国的法定货币，即人民币。设立公司必然需要一定数量的货币，用以支付创建公司的开支和公司设立后的生产经营费用。所以，股东可以用货币进行出资。股东一方是外国投资者的，也可以用外币出资。 能否以有价证券出资？《公司法》没有将有价证券规定为一类出资方式，是因为大部分有价证券属于债权证券，他们具有一定的不确定性。可以作为出资方式的财产，都是可以为公司所直接利用的，股东只有在将有价证券变现后，才能以该比款项出资。 2、实物 实物指有形物，法律上把财产区分为有形财产和无形财产两大类，实物属于有形财产的一部分。 有形财产又可以分为动产和不动产。所谓不动产是指不能自由移动或一旦移动会破坏其物质形态或经济价值的财产。动产则是指不动产以外，可以移动并不因移动而破坏其原有经济价值和物质形态的财产。 作为有限责任公司股东出资种类的实物，主要是动产，不动产属次要地位。股东以实物出资一般应符合以下两个条件：第一，该实物原为股东所有。第二，该出资实物是公司生产经营所必须的，否则这种出资就没有意义，只是给公司增加变卖该实物的麻烦而已。 3、知识产权 知识产权包括著作权和工业产权。知识产权是指民事主体对智力劳动成果依法享有的专有权利。 知识产权上不断扩张的开放体系，其范围主要包括著作权和邻接权，专利权，商标权，商业秘密权，植物新品种权，集成电路布图设计权，商号权。 4、土地使用权 公司开展生产经营活动，需要一定的场所，因此，公司股东可以以土地使用权作价出资。 一般来说，公司取得土地使用权的方式有两种：一种是股东以土地使用权作价后向公司出资而使公司取得土地使用权；二是公司向所在地的市（县）级土地管理部门提出申请，经过审查批准后，通过订立合同而取得土地使用权，公司则依法交纳场地使用费。前者为股东出资方式，后者则是公司设立后的经营行为。股东以土地使用权出资，必须符合国家有关法律、行政法规的规定，并要履行有关法律手续。 股东出资的法律意义 1、股东出资构成公司资本，是公司成为法人的要件。 2、股东以出资为限对公司债务承担有限责任。 3、出资是股东的义务，是股东取得股权的前提和基础。 股东出资的步骤 1、出资的价值评估。 2、交付或转移产权。 3、验资。
A type of mutual fund with a portfolio constructed to match or track the components of a market index, such as the Standard & Poor's 500 Index (S&P 500). An index mutual fund is said to provide broad market exposure, low operating expenses and low portfolio turnover. "Indexing" is a passive form of fund management that has been successful in outperforming most actively managed mutual funds. While the most popular index funds track the S&P 500, a number of other indexes, including the Russell 2000 (small companies), the DJ Wilshire 5000 (total stock market), the MSCI EAFE (foreign stocks in Europe, Australasia, Far East) and the Lehman Aggregate Bond Index (total bond market) are widely used for index funds.Investing in an index fund is a form of passive investing. The primary advantage to such a strategy is the lower management expense ratio on an index fund. Also, a majority of mutual funds fail to beat broad indexes, such as the S&P 500.
The act of attempting to increase the size and scope of an individual or organization's power and influence. In the corporate world, this is seen when managers or executives are more concerned with expanding their business units, their staffing levels and the dollar value of assets under their control than they are with developing and implementing ways to benefit shareholders. Empire building is typically seen as unhealthy for a corporation, as managers will often become more concerned with acquiring greater resource control than with optimally allocating resources. Corporate controls imposed by a company's board and upper-level management are supposed to prevent empire building within a corporation's ranks. The failure to screen out empire builders can lead to corporate actions that do not necessarily provide the best growth opportunities for a corporation and its shareholders, such as acquisitions made to boost the control of the company's executives.
The risk that one party of a contract will fail to meet the terms of the contract and default before the contract's settlement date, prematurely ending the contract. This type of risk can lead to replacement-cost risk. |||For example, let's say ABC company forms a contract on the foreign-exchange market with XYZ company to swap U.S. dollars for Japanese yen in two years. If prior to settlement XYZ company goes bankrupt, it will be unable to complete the exchange and must default on the contract. ABC company will have to form a new contract with another party which leads to replacement-cost risk.
A trade term requiring the seller to arrange for the carriage of goods by sea to a port of destination, and provide the buyer with the documents necessary to obtain the goods from the carrier. |||Contracts involving international transportation often contain abbreviated trade terms that describe matters such as the time and place of delivery, payment, when the risk of loss shifts from the seller to the buyer and who pays the costs of freight and insurance. The most commonly known trade terms are Incoterms, published by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). These are often identical in form to domestic terms (such as the American Uniform Commercial Code), but have different meanings. As a result, parties to a contract must expressly indicate the governing law of their terms. It's important to realize that because this is a legal term, its exact definition is much more complicated and differs by country. Contact an international trade lawyer before using any trade term.
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