A formal legal document, which is required by and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, that provides details about an investment offering for sale to the public. A prospectus should contain the facts that an investor needs to make an informed investment decision.Also known as an "offer document". There are two types of prospectuses for stocks and bonds: preliminary and final. The preliminary prospectus is the first offering document provided by a securities issuer and includes most of the details of the business and transaction in question. Some lettering on the front cover is printed in red, which results in the use of the nickname "red herring" for this document. The final prospectus is printed after the deal has been made effective and can be offered for sale, and supersedes the preliminary prospectus. It contains finalized background information including such details as the exact number of shares/certificates issued and the precise offering price.In the case of mutual funds, which, apart from their initial share offering, continuously offer shares for sale to the public, the prospectus used is a final prospectus. A fund prospectus contains details on its objectives, investment strategies, risks, performance, distribution policy, fees and expenses, and fund management.
An infamous phrase uttered by Alan Greenspan in 1996 to describe the overvalued market at the time. Although every word spoken by Mr.Greenspan, former chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, is scrutinized, this phrase was even more so examined as market analysts tried to uncover any and all possible results. The phrase even became the title of a New York Times best-selling book by Robert Schiller. On February 1, 2006, Ben Bernanke replaced Alan Greenspan as the Federal Reserve Board chairman.
什么是贷前调查 贷前调查是指贷款发放前银行对贷款申请人基本情况的调查,并对其是否符合贷款条件和可发放的贷款额度做出初步判断。 调查的重点主要包括申请人资信状况、经营情况、申请贷款用途的合规性和合法性、贷款担保情况等。 目录 1贷前调查的方法 2贷前调查中存在的问题 3贷前调查的建议 4相关条目 5参考文献 贷前调查的方法 1.现场调研——直接 现场会谈(企业经营和发展的思路,内部的管理)、实地考察(生产、产品、账款、固定资产、周围状况) 2.搜寻调查——间接 搜寻调查指通过各种媒介物搜寻有价值的资料开展调查。这些媒介物包括:杂志、书籍、期刊、互联网资料、官方记录等。搜寻调查应注意信息渠道的权威性、可靠性和全面性。 3.委托调查 委托调查可通过中介机构或银行自身网络开展调查。 4.其他方法 业务人员可通过接触客户的关联企业、竞争对手或个人获取有价值信息,还可通过行业协会(商会)、政府的职能管理部门(如工商局、税务机关、公安部门等机构)了解客户的真实情况。 ">编辑] 贷前调查中存在的问题 1、贷前调查流于形式,没有按照贷款操作规程中规定的要求去深入细致的进行实地调查。 2、有的信贷人员仅仅根据借款申请人提供的资料作为贷前调查的情况,而造成贷前调查失实。 3. 信贷员在贷前调查过程中没有对申请人进行必要的外部调查,没有摸清申请人的真实背景。 4.有的信贷员凭经验和感觉办事,没有进行贷前调查便形成了调查报告。 5.贷前调查中没有用影像图片等有效手段记录借款申请人的真实经营情况,不能给贷款审批人员提供直观的原始的审批依据。 ">编辑] 贷前调查的建议 贷前调查主要分为个人贷款与企事业单位贷款两种。个人贷款相比企业贷款而言,它的贷前调查较为直观,着重查看客户以前的信用记录,其次可以看一下客户的学历、经历、经营管理能力、业绩、社会关系、爱好、生活习惯、品行、年龄、健康状况等等,最后再查看一下第二还款来源情况。企事业单位贷款的贷前调查较为复杂,凭我的经验提几点建议。 1、确认借款企业法人主体真实性、合法性。首先按照企业提供的法人营业执照正本,查对与借款人名称是否相符;然后到工商行政管理部门查询该企业的营业执照是否经过年检,法定代表人是否有变更;经济性质是否相符;贷款期限是否超过规定经营期限;借款用途是否在企业经营范围内。 2、对借款企业信用状况的调查。深入企业实地查阅企业的应付账款账簿及其明细账,从中找出该企业拖欠他人的账款金额、赊欠原因、时间等,对企业的信用状况进行评估,另外还可以通过电话或函询的方式向被赊欠企业了解有关借款企业赊欠的原因,还款的基本情况,从而真正摸清借款企业的信用道德底细。 3、 对借款企业管理人员资质和管理能力的调查。 要以工商部门登记备案资料为准对企业法人代表和其他高级管理人员的基本情况及真实性进行严密的审查,不要拘泥于企业提供的介绍资料。对申请人提供的有关企业领导人提供的身份证件、学历证书等都以原件为准,并向有关部门进行查询其真实性。对其个人品行和领导能力的调查应与该企业员工员工和经常客户进行座谈,了解他们在企业经营管理中的个人能力和行为品质状况。 4、生产经营状况的调查。首先查阅该企业的各种会计账簿,通过其中记载的各种数据,计算出相应的经营指标,从而分析和了解企业的经营情况。其次,深入车间、厂房和库房,实地调查企业的生产环境、生产工作流程、产品质量监督情况和原材料及产成品的库存情况,并用数码相机、摄像机等设备做好记录,从而真实反映企业的生产经营状况。再次,通过查看借款企业近两年的会计报表计算出各项指标增长率、增长幅度,分析企业竞争力的变化。另外,还可以采取核实贷款企业在税务部门的纳税情况,从而反映出企业的真实生产效益;通过企业近几个月缴纳水电费等情况的对比分析,了解企业的实际生产经营情况。 5、对借款企业财务情况的调查。根据企业提供的近三年的相关会计报表,计算出流动比率、资产负债率、销售利润率、资产利润率、应收账款周转率、存货周转率六个基本财务指标进行比较分析。掌握借款人的财务状况,评估借款人的偿债能力,预测借款人的未来发展前景。 6、对借款企业现金流量的分析。通过查询借款企业在农村信用社或他行开立的存款结算账户,进一步了解借款企业一段时期的存款、货款等资金回笼情况,预测未来一段时间现金流量,充分了解企业的资金流向及数量。 7、对担保情况的调查。一是实地调查担保人或物的真实性、合法性和合规性。二是对担保方提供的有关证件和资料要与有关部门进行核实,确保担保财产的真实性和有效性。三是对担保财产做严格的市场评估,确保有足额的第二还款来源。 农村信用社的贷前调查是信贷管理的重要程序和环节,也是一个复杂繁琐的过程,贷前调查的质量优劣直接关系到贷款决策的正确与否,所以最重要的就是要在调查过程中发现问题,揭示风险,把好贷款投放的第一关,切实做到严设贷前调查“防火围墙”,铸就信贷资产“铜墙铁壁”。 相关条目 贷时审查 贷后检查 参考文献 ↑ 1.0 1.1 李玲.贷前调查存在的问题及建议.2010-1-31
A derivative instrument with underlying assets based on equity securities. An equity derivative's value will fluctuate with changes in its underlying asset's equity, which is usually measured by share price. Investors can use equity derivatives to hedge the risk associated with taking a position in stock by setting limits to the losses incurred by either a short or long position in a company's shares. The investor receives this insurance by paying the cost of the derivative contract, which is referred to as a premium. If an investor purchases a stock, he or she can protect against a loss in share value by purchasing a put option. On the other hand, if the investor has shorted shares, he or she can hedge against a gain in share price by purchasing a call option.Options are the most common equity derivatives because they directly grant the holder the right to buy or sell equity at a predetermined value. More complex equity derivatives include equity index swaps, convertible bonds or stock index futures.
Movable furniture, fixtures or other equipment that are have no permanent connection to the structure of a building or utilities. These items depreciate substantially but definitely are important costs to consider when valuing a company, especially in liquidation. |||Examples of FF&E include desks, chairs, computers, electronic equipment, tables, bookcases and partitions.
什么是人力资源重置成本 人力资源重置成本是指用一位能够在既定职位上提供同等服务的人员代替目前正在该职位上的人员时,必须付出的代价。 人力资源重置成本的类型 人力资源重置成本包括职务重置成本和个人重置成本两种。 职务重置成本是指用一个能够在既定的职务上提供一组同等服务的人来替代该职务上的人员而现在必须付出的代价,这是替代既定职务的任何任职者所能提供的一组服务的成本。 个人重置成本是指用一个能够提供一组同等服务的人类替代目前雇佣的人而现在必须付出的代价。这时用一个提供同等服务来代替某个人的服务的重置成本。 人力资源重置成本的核算 企业常会由于辞职、解雇等原因,造成部分员工离开原工作岗位,使这些岗位出现空缺。因此必须调剂或招聘人员递补上岗,并为人员的重置而发生相应费用。人力资源成本主要包括三方面内容:获得成本、开发成本和离职成本。下面主要对离职成本做以阐述。离职成本是指由于员工离开企业所造成的费用损失,包括离职补偿费用、离职管理费用、离职前效率损失和空职成本。 1、离职补偿费用: 离职补偿费用是指支付给离职者的工资和离职补偿金。这种费用的额度视企业的具体情况、工作惯例以及企业与员工之间的历史协议而定。 2、离职管理费用: 员工离职过程中,会产生一定的管理费用。其数额可视企业的劳动人事管理程序和规章制度的繁简程度而定。在离职过程中, 有关劳动人事管理人员都会与离职者进行面谈。其面谈成本可用下列公式进行核算: 面谈成本=(管理人员平均工资+离职人员平均工资)×每人面谈所需时间×离职人数 此外,其他与离职有关的管理活动,如从员工资料档案和工资单中删除离职人员的资料,收回离职员工手中掌握的企业资产、资料等,也会发生一些费用,这些费用可用下列公式进行核算: 与离职有关的管理活动费用=各部门对每位离职者的管理活动所需时间×有关部门职员的平均工资×离职人数 3、离职前的效率损失(离职前的业绩差别): 离职前的效率损失是指一个员工在离开某一单位前,由于原有的生产效率受到损失而造成的成本。在离职前,离职人员一般会处于不稳定状态,他们的业绩会呈下降趋势,这就导致他们在离职前与正常工作期间的业绩有很大差别,这种差别就产生了离职成本。在许多情况下要计量每个人的业绩成本可能是困难的,但在实际工作中可以应用各类人员的历史业绩记录来进行计算,公式如下: 业绩差别成本=正常时间平均业绩—离职前一段时间内平均业绩 4、空职成本: 空职成本是指企业在物色或招聘到离职者的替代人员之前,由于某一岗位出现空缺,可能会使某项工作或任务的完成受到不良影响,由此而引起的一种间接成本。出现空职不但会影响该职位直接管理的工作,而且会影响与这项工作紧密联系的其他工作的成绩。例如企业某设备维修工离职,就会使他所负责的设备得不到及时维修,给直接生产造成损失,同时在企业未招聘到新的维修工来顶替其岗位时,企业会安排其他维修人员加班维修,从而增加加班工资(加班工资常高于正常工资)。这样这个职位空缺所带来的成本损失将大于该员工离职造成的直接成本损失。这些成本总额构成了空职成本,它是一种应负成本。
Analyzing an underlying decision or decision-making process in the context of resources spent and potential gain. The investment view will examine the project or business, taking into account the factors which make an investment attractive. Some investors may look for "value," which they determine by looking at a company’s price-earnings (PE) ratio compared to the industry norm, while others may seek a solid, dividend-yielding stock like General Electric. Of course, as one ages or experiences other material changes in their life, their investment view often changes. Business decisions could have many different reasons for going ahead, this could include building a brand or reducing potential entrants to the industry, but when an investment view is taken, there will be a more structured look at the cost-return relationship given the time. Having a solid, well-defined investment view can help investors maximize profits by focusing their efforts on investments that they know and understand. At its core, a strong investment view will encompass general things, such as profit potential and risk tolerance, as well as more specific items like preferred industries and/or economic sectors.
The currency abbreviation for the Swaziland lilangeni (SZL), the currency for Swaziland. The Swaziland lilangeni is made up of 100 cents and is often presented with the symbol L or E for emalangeni (plural) in the form L1, E5, E7, etc. |||The Swaziland lilangeni replaced the South African rand at par in 1974, and has remained at par since. Being at par allows Swaziland to be a member of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), where import taxes are uniformly applied, and the Common Monetary Area (CMA), in which unrestricted funds movement is permitted.