A bond secured by a mortgage on one or more assets. These bonds are typically backed by real estate holdings and/or real property such as equipment. In a default situation, mortgage bondholders have a claim to the underlying property and could sell it off to compensate for the default. |||Mortgage bonds offer the investor a great deal of protection in that the principal is secured by a valuable asset that could theoretically be sold off to cover the debt. However, because of this inherent safety, the average mortgage bond tends to yield a lower rate of return than traditional corporate bonds that are backed only by the corporation's promise and ability to pay.
A process used in the settlement of mortgage-backed security to-be-announced (TBA) trades. This process requires that the sell side of a TBA trade inform the its buy-side counterpart of the exact securities that will be delivered into the trade by no later than 3 pm EST, and 48 hours prior to the established trade settlement date. In addition, each trade must be broken down into $1 million lots, and each lot can contain no more than three pools. A 0.01% variance is allowed on each $1 million lot. Most participants in the TBA market have software that helps them with mortgage allocations. |||As the TBA market developed in the 1980s and 1990s, mortgage allocations were done manually or with limited software. The day 48 hours prior to major settlement days, known as "48 hour day", was a hectic and stressful day for Tbasecurities dealers and other market participants. The allowed variance on TBA trades was initially much higher than the 0.01% it is today, and traders used this "allocation option" to make arbitrage profits. For example, if the current market price of a TBA trade was higher than the actual trade price, a trader could use the allowable variance to deliver a minimum amount into the trade, sell the difference at the current market price and realize the difference in prices on the dollar amount of the allowable variance as profit. The exact opposite could be done if the trade price was higher than the current market price; the trader would deliver as much as allowed by the variance into the actual trade and purchase the difference in the current market at a lower price. The reduction in the allowed variance to 0.01% and the advent of sophisticated software has made mortgage allocation much less hectic than it once was.
A type of revenue bond issued by a municipality or similar government body. A moral obligation bond not only gives investors the tax exemption benefits inherent in a municipal bond, but also provides an additional moral pledge of commitment against default. The issuing body's commitment is supported by a reserve fund established to meet any debt service costs the government may be unable to make. |||It is important to note that with a moral obligation bond, the additional security provided by the government is only morally - and not legally - binding. However, the pledge is generally regarded as being as credible as a legally binding promise because the issuing government would face negative credit rating effects if it failed to honor the pledge.
An independent, unaffiliated research company that rates fixed income securities. Moody's assigns ratings on the basis of risk and the borrower's ability to make interest payments. Moody's backs its ratings with exhaustive financial research and unbiased commentary and analysis. |||Many bond investors pay close attention to the rating Moody assigns to bonds and preferred stock. Moody's ratings are ranked as follows: Aaa - highest grade, best quality issuer, lowest riskAa ABaa - medium grade, moderate riskBaBCaa - Poor grade, high riskCaC
A zero-coupon municipal bond that can be converted into an interest-bearing bond under certain circumstances. The municiple convertible is a zero-coupon bond, and so is sold at a discount from its face value. The bondholder does not have to worry about paying tax on the appreciation, much like they would not pay tax on the interest of a regular municiple bond.Also known as stepped tax-exempt appreciation on income realization securities (STAIRS). |||Because the securities bear no interest payments, they a much more volatile than traditional municiple bonds. Municiple convertibles fall in value much quicker as interest rates rise, and rise in value much quicker when rates fall. An investor may want to convert to an interest bearing bond if they want to reduce volatility, or lock in bond value (should they believe rates will rise in the future).
One of the few types of municipal bonds ever issued that may be subject to taxation, provided that the funds raised were used for home mortgages. Mortgage subsidy bonds were issued by cities and other municipalities, and may be either taxable or tax-free. |||Mortgage subsidy bonds were created by the Mortgage Subsidy Act of 1980. They are issued by either state or local governments and are usually taxable. The exceptions are a select group of mortgage bonds and veterans' bonds.
A funding source for home mortgages. Mortgage revenue bonds help low- and middle-income first-time home buyers by offering long-term mortgages at below-market rates. A state can issue mortgage revenue bonds (a form of tax-free municipal bond) to investors, then use the capital proceeds to invest in that state’s MRB home loan program. In order to qualify, prospective home buyers must earn below stated threshold levels for annual income, and must otherwise financially qualify for a mortgage from a conventional lender. Many mortgages that were funded by MRBs first originated through the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. |||MRB funding is not available in all areas of the United States. The process is run state by state where it exists, with each program targeting certain areas or neighborhoods based on state demographics. Eligibility is different from program to program, but most states have eligibility requirements; for example, the home in question must be the primary residence, and the prospective buyer(s) must not have owned a home in the past three years. There are also limits on how much a given mortgage can be written for, which may be less than the original application source's limits (such as the FHA loan limit).
A group of mortgages held in trust as collateral for the issuance of a mortgage-backed security. Some mortgage-backed securities issued by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae are known as "pools" themselves. These are the simplest form of mortgage-backed security. They are also known as "pass-throughs" and trade in the to-be-announced (TBA) forward market. |||Pass-throughs or pools are comprised of mortgages with close to the same maturity and interest rate. However, a pool of mortgages that backs a more complex mortgage-backed security or CDO might consist of mortgages of more varying interest rates and characteristics.
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