Mortgage loans that have been locked in with a mortgage originator by borrowers, mortgage brokers or other lenders. A loan will stay in an originator's pipeline from the time it is locked until it falls out, is sold into the secondary mortgage market or is put into the originator's loan portfolio. Mortgages in the pipeline are hedged against interest-rate movements. |||A mortgage originator's pipeline is managed by its secondary marketing department. Mortgages in the pipeline are typically hedged using the To Be Announced market (or, the forward mortgage-backed security pass-through market), futures contracts and over-the-counter mortgage options. Hedging a mortgage pipeline involves spread and fallout risk.
A term used to describe the percentage of loans that do not close in a mortgage originator's pipeline. Mortgage originators adjust the fallout assumptions used in their hedge ratios as interest rates change relative to the loans they have in their pipelines. |||At the same time or shortly after a borrower locks in a mortgage rate with a mortgage lender, the lender typically lays off the risk that current interest rates might change relative to the interest rate given the borrower by putting on a hedge. The hedge is designed to last until the mortgage closes, at which point the mortgage can be sold into the secondary mortgage market and the hedge unwound. However, many loans that are locked in by borrowers do not end up closing. The percentage of loans that do not close after being locked is called fallout. Fallout assumptions are an important part of a mortgage lender's hedging efficiency.
Investment vehicles issued by various levels of governments containing variable coupon payments that increase and decrease with changes in the consumer price index (CPI). |||This type of debt security is similar to regular municipal bonds, but municipal inflation-linked securities offer investors a slightly lower coupon rate because these securities are safer than debt instruments that expose the holder to inflation risk. Also, because these securities carry reduced inflation risk, they don't - like other debt securities - have the potential to increase in price should the rate of inflation subside.
A non-parallel yield curve shift in which long- and short-term yields decrease by a greater degree than intermediate rates. This yield curve shift effectively humps the curve, adding to the curvature of the yield curve. |||For example, a negative butterfly shift can happen when short- and long term-rates decrease by 75 basis points (0.75%), while intermediate rates only decrease by 50 basis points (0.50%). This is the reverse of a positive butterfly, in which short- and long-term rates increase more than intermediate rates.
The opportunity lost when municipal bond issuers assume proceeds from debt offerings and then invest that money for a period of time (ideally in a safe investment vehicle) until the money is used to fund a project, or to repay investors. The lost opportunity occurs when the money is reinvested and the debt issuer earns a rate or return that is lower than what must actually be paid back to the debt holders. |||As an example, XYZ issuer distributes $50 million in municipal bonds paying 6%. The issuer takes in this money, and then invests it at 4.2% for a period of one year, because the prevailing market will not pay a higher rate. The issuer has lost the equivalent of 1.8% interest that it could have earned or retained.
A warrant that is issued without a host bond. A naked warrant allows the holder to buy or sell a particular financial instrument, such as a bond or shares, but unlike a normal warrant, it is not sold with an accompanying bond. Naked warrants are typically issued by banks or other financial institutions that are not also issuing a bond, and can be traded in the stock market. |||Normal warrants are issued with an accompanying bond (a warrant-linked bond), giving the investor holding the warrant the right to exercise it and acquire shares of the company that issued the underlying bond. The company writing the bond is typically the same company issuing the underlying bond. Naked warrants, on the other hand, can be backed by a variety of underlying investments, including stocks, and are considered more flexible.
A certificate issued by a local or municipal authority for the purpose of funding a public works project. This type of obligation is financed by an tax assessment made upon the residents that will benefit from the facility. Mutual investment certificate income is always tax-free to the recipient. |||These certificates essentially function as a type of general obligation bond, although they are technically in a different category. They are not backed directly by revenue from the project, but by the local taxpayers. The revenue from the projects behind the certificates also may be collected directly by the contractor building or renovating the facility, instead of the locality.
An agreement between federal and state and local taxing authorities mandating mutual exclusion in taxation of interest. The interest paid on any security issued by the federal government is not taxable at the state or local level. Conversely, any debt issued by state or local municipalities is free from federal taxation as well. |||This reciprocal agreement has been in place for decades. For this reason, high income taxpayers seek municipal issues for federal tax relief. The freedom from state and local taxes also makes interest from governmental issues more palatable for conservative investors living on fixed incomes.
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