The currency abbreviation for the Zimbabwe dollar (ZWD), the currency for Zimbabwe. The Zimbabwe dollar is made up of 100 cents and is often presented with the symbol $, or sometimes Z$ to distinguish it from other currencies denominated in dollars. Even though the Zimbabwe dollar is made up of cents, they are not used in practice. |||First introduced in 1980, the Zimbabwe dollar replaced the Rhodesian dollar at par. This made it worth more than the U.S. dollar, but the value quickly fell.The Zimbabwe dollar was redenominated in August of that year at a rate of 1000:1 and was concurrently devalued against the U.S dollar by 60%.In June of 2008, the exchange rate of the new Zimbabwe dollar was 6,164,500,000 Zimbabwe dollars per 1 U.S. dollar.
The currency abbreviation for the Zambian kwacha (ZMK), the currency for Zambia. The Zambian kwacha is made up of 100 ngwee and is often presented with the symbol ZK. The name kwacha is based on the word "dawn" in the Nyanja language. |||Until 1968, the British pound was the currency of Zambia, after which the kwacha replaced the pound at a rate of 2 kwacha to 1 pound. At this time, the kwacha was equal to US$1.20, but rampant inflation since that time has significantly devalued the currency.
A monthly economic survey. The ZEW Economic Sentiment is an almalgamation of the sentiments of approximately 350 economists and analysts regarding the economic future of Germany for the next six months. The survey shows the balance between those analysts who are optimistic about Germany's economic future and those who are not. |||The ZEW Economic Sentiment covers the economic futures of several other countries as well. This survey includes analyst opinions for Europe, the UK, Japan and the U.S. An index value greater than zero indicates optimism while a value below zero indicates pessimism.
Bank for International Settlements The Bank for International Settlements (BIS), based in basel Switzerland, is an international organization which fosters international monetary and financial cooperation and serves as a bank for central banks. It was originally formed by the Hague Agreements of 20 January, 1930, with the purpose of facilitating Germany's payment of reparations following World War I. At the close of World War II, the BIS narrowly avoided being dissolved when it came to light that the bank had been heavily involved with Nazi interests. Today, the BIS is a focal point for research and cooperation in international banking regulation. It sponsors the basel Committee on Banking Supervision.
经常帐户赤字 Occurs when a country's total imports of goods, services and transfers is greater than the country's total export of goods, services and transfers. This situation makes a country a net debtor to the rest of the world. A substantial current account deficit is not necessarily a bad thing for certain countries. Developing counties may run a current account deficit in the short term to increase local productivity and exports in the future.
英文名称：Aggregate Demand 中文名称：总需求一定时期内一国或地区对商品和劳务的需求总量。 The total amount of goods and services demanded in the economy at a given overall price level and in a given time period. It is represented by the aggregate-demand curve, which describes the relationship between price levels and the quantity of output that firms are willing to provide. Normally there is a negative relationship between aggregate demand and the price level. Also known as "total spending". Aggregate demand is the demand for the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country, and is represented by this formula: Aggregate Demand (AD) = C + I + G (X-M) C = Consumers' expenditures on goods and services. I = Investment spending by companies on capital goods. G = Government expenditures on publicly provided goods and services. X = Exports of goods and services. M = imports of goods and services.
An early estimate of the Services Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) for a country, designed to provide an accurate advance indication of the final Services PMI data. As the flash PMIs are among the first economic indicators for each month, providing evidence of changing economic conditions ahead of comparable government statistics, they can have a significant effect on currency markets. Service PMIs are published monthly by Markit Economics in conjunction with sponsors, and are based on surveys of over 400 executives in private sector service companies. The surveys cover transport and communication, financial intermediaries, business and personal services, computing & IT and hotels and restaurants.As each response received is weighted by the size of the company, responses from larger companies have a greater impact on the final index numbers than replies from smaller companies. An index level of 50 denotes no change since the previous month, while a level above 50 signals an increase or improvement, and below 50 indicates a decrease or deterioration.
An increase in the value of one currency in terms of another. Currencies appreciate against each other for various reasons, including capital inflows and the state of a country's current account. Typically a forex trader trades a currency pair in the hopes of currency appreciation of the base currency against the counter currency. Currency traders have to take into account appreciation when making a trade, since a long-term currency option contract might see its value decline if the value of the underlying currency adjusts. Additionally, as a currency appreciates it becomes more expensive to buy that country's exports. This can cause a contraction in the economy, which can further impact the value of the currency.
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