A strategy of holding two offsetting positions, one of which creates an incoming cashflow that is greater than the obligations of the other. Similar to arbitrage, positive carries generally occur in the currency market where interest paid to investors in one currency is more than they have to pay to borrow in another currency. Another example of a positive carry would be borrowing $1000 from the bank at 5% and investing it into a bond paying 6%. Thus, the coupon on the bond would pay more than the interest owing on the loan to the bank, and you pocket the 1% difference.
The modern composite-margin requirements that must be maintained in a derivatives account containing options and/or futures contracts. Portfolio margin accounting requires a margin position that is equal to the remaining liability that exists after all offsetting positions have been netted against each other. For example, if a position in the portfolio is netting a positive return, then it could offset the liability of a losing position in the same portfolio. This would reduce the overall margin requirement that is necessary for holding a losing derivatives position. Portfolio margin requirements have only been recently instituted in the options market, although futures traders have enjoyed this system since 1988. This revised system of derivative margin accounting has freed up millions of dollars in capital for options investors that previously was required for margin deposits under the old strategy-based margin requirements that were instituted in the 1970s.
One of the four types of compound options, this is a put option on another underlying put option. The buyer of a put on a put has the right but not the obligation to sell the underlying put option - also known as the vanilla option - on the expiration date. This type of option is used when leverage is desired, and the trader is moderately bullish on the underlying asset. The value of a put on a put changes in direct proportion to the price of the underlying asset, i.e. it increases as the asset price increases, and decreases as the asset price decreases. Also known as a split-fee option. A put on a put has two strike prices and two expiration dates, one for the initial compound put option and the other for the underlying vanilla put option. Note that compound options are generally European-style exercise, which means that they can only be exercised on the expiration date. Since one of the variables that determines the cost of an option is the price of the underlying asset, the cost of a put on a put option will generally be lower than the cost of a put on the corresponding asset. It can therefore provide a great deal of leverage to the options trader.
A day on which contracts for stock index futures, stock index options, stock options and single stock futures (SSF) all expire. This is similar to the triple witching hour, except that the quadruple witching hour sees also the expiry of SSFs. Quadruple witching days occur on the third Friday of March, June, September and December.
An option contract giving the owner the right, but not the obligation, to sell a specified amount of an underlying asset at a set price within a specified time. The buyer of a put option estimates that the underlying asset will drop below the exercise price before the expiration date.The possible payoff for a holder of a put option contract is illustrated by the following diagram: When an investor purchases a put, he or she expects the underlying asset will decline in price. The investor will then profit by either selling the put options at a profit, or by exercising the option. If an investor writes a put contract, he or she is estimating the stock will not decline below the exercise price, and will not fall significantly below the exercise price.Consider if an investor purchased one put option contract for 100 shares of ABC Co. for $1, or $100 ($1*100). The exercise price of the shares is $10 and the current ABC share price is $12. This contract has given the investor the right, but not the obligation, to sell shares of ABC at $10.If ABC shares drop to $8, the investor's put option is in-the-money and he can close his option position by selling the contract on the open market. On the other hand, he can purchase 100 shares of ABC at the existing market price of $8, then exercise his contract to sell the shares for $10. Excluding commissions, the total profit for this position would be $100 [100*($10 - $8 - $1)]. If the investor already owned 100 shares of ABC, this is called a "married put" position and serves as a hedge against a decline in share price.
An exchange of cash flows in which one counterparty makes payments based on a fixed interest rate, the other counterparty makes payments based on a floating interest rate, and the counterparty paying the floating interest rate (and receiving the fix rate) has the right to end the swap before it matures. An investor might choose a putable swap if interest rates are expected to change in a way that would adversely affect the floating rate payer. The additional features of a putable swap make it more expensive than a plain vanilla interest rate swap - the floating rate payer will pay a higher interest rate and possibly an early termination fee. The opposite of a putable swap is a callable swap, which allows the fixed interest rate payer to end the swap early.
Common stock that gives investors the option to put the stock back to the company at a predetermined price. Also known as a "putable swap". With putable common stock, investors have the option of selling their shares back to the issuer at a predetermined price. Typically, this price is relatively low, so the option to put acts merely as a type of insurance for investors, sweetening the security.
A ratio of the trading volume of put options to call options. It is used to gauge investor sentiment. For example, a high volume of puts compared to calls indicates a bearish sentiment in the market.
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