A requirement imposed on market makers (and in some instances, non market makers) to report each trade immediately after the transaction is completed. Traded stocks are subject to real-time trade reporting within 90 seconds of execution.
A combination of a short position in an asset such as a stock or commodity, and a long position in the futures for that asset. Reverse cash-and-carry arbitrage seeks to exploit pricing inefficiencies for the same asset in the cash (or spot) and futures markets in order to make riskless profits. The arbitrageur or trader accepts delivery of the asset against the futures contract, which is used to cover the short position. This strategy is only viable if the futures price is cheap in relation to the spot price of the asset. That is, the proceeds from the short sale should exceed the price of the futures contract and the costs associated with carrying the short position in the asset. This strategy is only viable if the futures price is cheap in relation to the spot price of the asset. That is, the proceeds from the short sale should exceed the price of the futures contract and the costs associated with carrying the short position in the asset.Consider the following example of reverse cash-and-carry-arbitrage. Assume an asset currently trades at $104, while the one-month futures contract is priced at $100. In addition, monthly carrying costs on the short position (for example, dividends are payable by the short seller) amount to $2. In this case, the trader or arbitrageur would initiate a short position in the asset at $104, and simultaneously buy the one-month futures contract at $100. Upon maturity of the futures contract, the trader accepts delivery of the asset and uses it to cover the short position in the asset, thereby ensuring an arbitrage or riskless profit of $2.
The process of bringing an account up to minimum equity standards by depositing more cash or equity. This typically occurs after the account holder has received a margin call.When a stock is purchased on margin in a margin account, the account holder is required to maintain certain levels of equity in that account. When these requirements are not met, the brokerage firm will require that additional cash or securities be deposited to bring the account up to minimum equity levels. When an individual purchases stock on margin, he or she must maintain equity in the account of up to 50% of the total value of the securities margined, or borrowed. If the stock should decline in value, the brokerage firm may issue a margin call, which is essentially a demand for the account owner to boost the equity position to the minimum requirement. When a person does this, he or she is said to be remargining the account.
Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that invest in either the consumer services sector or financial services sector of an economy. A consumer services ETF seeks to derive investment results that correspond to an underlying index of companies that provide products and services to consumers. A financial services ETF aims to derive investment results that track an underlying index of financial service providers such as banks and credit-card issuers. Since consumer spending accounts for a major part of most economies, the investment returns from a consumer services ETF would depend on the prevailing level of consumer sentiment, and hence consumer spending, in an economy. A consumer services ETF would generally include a wide range of companies that provide consumer goods and services, from cable providers and drugstore chains to hotel and retailers (both online and bricks-and-mortar). The investment returns from a financial services ETF are dependent on the performance of the financial sector, which is also closely tied to the performance of the broad economy. Such an ETF would include banks, trusts companies, asset managers, credit-card issuers and other providers of financial services.
based in Sao Paolo, Brazil, this exchange has the fourth-largest market cap in all of the Americas and the 13th largest in the world. It is also known as the BM&F Bovespa. The main index of this exchange is the Indice Bovespa. The Sao Paolo Exchange, formerly known as the Bovespa, merged with the Brazil Mercantile and Futures Exchange in 2008 to create the BM&F Bovespa Exchange. As of April 30, 2008, 450 companies traded on the exchange. The original exchange was founded in 1890.
Located in Santiago, the SGO is the premier stock exchange of Chile. It trades stocks, bonds, investment funds, derivatives and gold and silver Chilean coins. It also has an electronic trading platform called Telepregon, which trades U.S. dollars. only market shares are traded on the floor in conjunction with screen trades. The SGO was founded in 1893. It runs from 9:30am to 4:30pm in the winter and stays open until 5:30pm in the summer. The SGO posts three major indices, the General Stock Price Index, the Selective Stock Price Index and the Inter-10 Index.
A type of mortgage that is designed for relocating/transferring employees. Corporations sometime make special mortgages available for relocating employees in an effort to make the moving process easier and more economical. Oftentimes, there are bonuses for the employee, such as the company paying the closing costs. Some mortgage companies specialize in offering relo mortgages. Historical data shows that employees who relocate for their jobs are likely to relocate repeatedly at predictable time intervals; therefore, relo mortgages have more predictable prepayment characteristics than non-relo mortgages. Because the prepayment characteristics of any mortgage-backed security (MBS) are very important to its valuation by traders, the more predictable prepayment characteristics of MBSs backed by relo mortgages allow relo MBSs to trade at a premium relative to other MBSs.
A trader who acts independently of others - and, typically, recklessly - usually to the detriment of both the clients and the institution that employs him or her. In most cases this type of trading is high risk and can create huge losses. One of the most famous rogue traders is Nick Leeson, who was a derivatives trader at the Singapore office of Britain's Barings Bank. Leeson incurred heavy losses through the unauthorized trading of large amounts of Nikkei futures and options. Leeson took large derivative positions on the Nikkei which leveraged the amount of money at stake in the trades. At one point Leeson had 20,000 futures contracts worth over $3 billion on the Nikkei. A large chunk of the losses came from the downturn in the Nikkei after a major earthquake in Japan caused a broad-based sell-off in the Nikkei within a week. Total loss to the 233-year-old Barings Bank was well over $1 billion and led to its eventual bankruptcy. Leeson was charged with fraud and served several years in a Singapore prison.
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