Mutual fund shares purchased by individual investors as opposed to institutional shareholders. In general, the amount invested in the fund is what distinguishes investors from institutional shareholders. In many cases, a fund will have a minimum investment that must be made to qualify as an institutional shareholder. For example, Vanguard has a shareholder category called Admiral Shares, which requires a minimal investment level of $100,000 in a fund. At this level, a fund shareholder will benefit from a slightly lower expense ratio as well as certain service benefits.If a fund carries a load, it will apply to investor shares, whereas institutional shareholders will generally have this fee reduced or waived completely because of the size of their investment.
An efficiency ratio that measures how many days a company can operate without having to access non-current (long-term) assets. The defensive interval ratio (DIR) is calculated as:DIR = Current Assets / Daily Operational ExpensesAlso known as the "Defensive Interval Period". |||The DIR is thought by many people to be a better liquidity measure than the quick and current ratios. Because these ratios compare assets to liabilities rather than comparing assets to expenses, the DIR and current/quick ratios would give quite different results if the company had alot of expenses, but no debt.The DIR is not a replacement to the other ratios, but a complement. As with all financial analysis, a prudent investor will use a basket of different analysis when deciding on whether a company is a good investment.
A foreign currency held by central banks and other major financial institutions as a means to pay off international debt obligations, or to influence their domestic exchange rate. A large percentage of commodities, such as gold and oil, are usually priced in the reserve currency, causing other countries to hold this currency to pay for these goods. Holding currency reserves, therefore, minimizes exchange rate risk, as the purchasing nation will not have to exchange their currency for the current reserve currency in order to make the purchase. |||In 2011, the U.S. dollar was the primary reserve currency used by other countries. As a result, foreign nations closely monitored the monetary policy of the United States in order to ensure that the value of their reserves is not adversely affected by inflation.
A controversial computerized trading practice offered by some stock exchanges. Flash trading uses highly sophisticated high-speed computer technology to allow traders to view orders from other market participants fractions of a second before others in the marketplace. This gives flash traders the advantage of being able to gauge supply and demand and recognize movements in market sentiment before other traders.Flash orders are also known as "step-up orders" or "pre-routing orders". Flash orders have been subject to scrutiny because of the advantage they give traders who are able to participate in the orders. Flash trading has been compared to front running, and opponents believe that the practice is harmful to market transparency. Proponents of flash trading state that it is necessary to provide liquidity for exchanges.
Financing arranged by a company while under the Chapter 11 bankruptcy process. DIP financing is unique from other financing methods in that it usually has priority over existing debt, equity and other claims. |||Chapter 11 gives the debtor a fresh start, which is, however, subject to the debtor's fulfillment of its obligations under its plan of reorganization.
An accounting buzzword that describe when companies still have inventory on hand that is not being sold due to inattention or obsolescence. While not an official type of accounting treatment, the term is named after the LIFO and FIFO accounting methods. Companies in a state of FISH accounting tend to have turnover rates that are lower than the industry average. Investors tend to avoid investing in companies that are in a "FISH-like" state, because having inventory lying about consumes expensive capital and storage space.
A corporation or trust engaged in the business of investing the pooled capital of investors in financial securities. This is most often done either through a closed-end fund or an open-end fund (also referred to as a mutual fund). In the U.S., most investment companies are registered with and regulated by the Securities & Exchange Commission under the Investment Company Act of 1940. Also known as "fund company" or "fund sponsor". Investment companies are business entities, both privately and publicly owned, that manage, sell, and market funds to the public. They typically offer investors a variety of funds and investment services, which include portfolio management, recordkeeping, custodial, legal, accounting and tax management services.
A very bullish investment strategy that combines options to create a spread with limited loss potential and mixed profit potential. It is generally created by selling one call option and then using the collected premium to purchase a greater number of call options at a higher strike price. This strategy has potentially unlimited upside profit because the trader is holding more long call options than short ones. An investor using this strategy would sell fewer calls at a low strike price and buy more calls at a high strike price. The most common ratios used in this strategy are one short call combined with two long calls, or two short calls combined with three long calls. If this strategy is established at a credit, the trader stands to make a small gain if the price of the underlying decreases dramatically.
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