An phenomenon that describes the anomalously higher historical real returns of stocks over government bonds. The equity premium, which is defined as equity returns less bond returns, has been about 6% on average for the past century. It is supposed to reflect the relative risk of stocks compared to "risk-free" government bonds, but the puzzle arises because this unexpectedly large percentage implies a suspiciously high level of risk aversion among investors. |||The equity premium puzzle is a mystery to financial academics. According to some academics, the difference is too large to reflect a "proper" level of compensation that would occur as a result of investor risk aversion; therefore, the premium should actually be much lower than the historic average of 6%.More recent extensions to the puzzle attempt to offer a different rationale for explaining the EPP, such as investor prospects and macroeconomic influences. No matter the explanation, the fact remains that investors are being rewarded very well for holding equity compared to government bonds.
A company that dominates an industry without having a complete monopoly. This term is a reference to the old jokes about the 800-pound gorillas, who "does whatever it wants." For example, you'll hear people say that Microsoft is an 800-pound gorilla.
Former legal tender (paper currency) issued by the U.S. government beginning in 1878. A certificate represented a stated amount of silver bullion purchased or held by an investor. These certificates were created to allow an investor to purchase silver without having to take physical possession of the investment. Certificates were deemed payable to the bearer upon demand. |||Although the U.S. stopped minting silver coins in 1806, both gold and silver coins were usable as legal tender until 1861. Today silver certificates can be redeemed for their face value in cash in the U.S. but not in actual silver.
Two options with different market prices that an investor trades on the same underlying security. The higher priced option is purchased and the lower premium option is sold - both at the same time. The higher the debit spread, the greater the initial cash outflow the investor will incur on the transaction. For example, assume that there is a investor holding a call option who sells it for $2.50. Immediately following this sale, the investor buys another call option on the same underlying security for $2.65. The debit spread is $0.15, which results in a loss of $15 ($0.15 * 100). Although there is an initial loss on the transaction, the investor is betting that there will be a significant change in the price of the underlying security, making the purchased option more valuable in the future.
A trade term requiring the seller to deliver goods at his or her own place of business. All other transportation costs and risks are assumed by the buyer. |||Contracts involving international transportation often contain abbreviated trade terms that outline matters such as the time and place of delivery and payment, the time when the risk of loss shifts from the seller to the buyer, and the party who pays the costs of freight and insurance. The most commonly known trade terms are Incoterms, which are published by the International Chamber of Commerce. These are often identical in form to domestic terms, such as the American Uniform Commercial Code, but have different meanings. As a result, parties to a contract must expressly indicate the governing law of their terms. It's important to realize that because this is a legal term, its exact definition is complicated and differs by country. It is suggested that you contact an international trade lawyer before using any trade term.
A mutual fund that is offered to investors by a brokerage firm without any form of commission charged for the transaction. This structure is advantageous to the investor because it allows him or her to purchase the mutual fund without incurring an up-front commission fee on the trade. For investors with a small amount of investment capital, this can be a significant advantage.Also referred to as an "NTF mutual fund". Watch: Mutual Funds Brokers are usually able to offer NTF mutual funds to their clients because the mutual fund companies that run the funds step in and compensate the brokers for their forgone commission fees. The typical arrangement is that the mutual fund company pays the brokerage firm marketing fees when an investor buys into the fund through a broker, instead of buying directly from the fund.
The successor to the European Monetary System (EMS), the combination of European Union member states into a cohesive economic system, most notably represented with the adoption of the euro as the national currency of participating members. |||The EMU's succession over the EMS occurred through a three phase process, with the third and final phase initiating the adoption of the euro currency in place of former national currencies. This has been completed by all initial EU members except for the United Kingdom and Denmark, who have opted out of adopting the euro.
An optional redemption feature on a debt instrument allowing the beneficiary of the estate of the deceased to put (sell) the bond (back to the issuer) in the event of the beneficiary's death or legal incapacitation. Also known as a "survivor's option". The death put may be redeemed at par value, and then all proceeds are deposited into the estate. Should interest rates increase substantially, the put may earn a large profit for beneficiaries of the estate.
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