The halo effect is a term used in marketing to explain the bias shown by customers towards certain products because of a favorable experience with other products made by the same manufacturer or maker. Basically, the halo effect is driven by brand equity. The opposite of the halo effect is "cannibalization". For example, if a customer buys product C which is made by company X, not because of the attributes or benefits of the product, but because he or she had a favorable experience with product D - another product made by company X, the purchased item is said to be prospering because of the halo effect.A classic example of the halo effect is the relationship between the Mac notebooks and iPod. When the iPod was released, there was speculation in the market place that the sales of Apple's Mac laptops would increase, because of the success of the iPod. The belief was based on the halo effect, as customers who had a great experience with the iPod would buy a Mac computer simply because it is made by Apple Inc.
The purchase or sale of a foreign currency or commodity for immediate delivery. Spot trades are settled "on the spot", as opposed to at a set date in the future. Futures transactions that expire in the current month are also considered spot trades.Also known as "cash trades". |||Spot trades are the opposite of futures contracts, which usually expire well before any physical delivery. Foreign-exchange contracts are the most common kinds of spot trades. If these kinds of contracts are not settled immediately, traders would expect to be compensated for the time value of their money for the duration of the delivery. Since these contracts are settled electronically, the forex market is essentially instantaneous.
Canada's decision to tax all income trusts domiciled in Canada. In October 2006, Canada's minister of finance, Jim Flaherty, announced that all income trusts would be taxed in a similar manner as corporations at a rate over 30% on taxable income, causing unit holders' values to decrease dramatically virtually overnight. Income trusts, which were permitted to make distributions to unit holders on a pretax basis under old Canadian income tax laws, were a popular investment vehicle in the early 2000s, especially in Canada. The Canadian energy sector was hardest hit by the change, and suffered an estimated loss of about $35 billion to investors, giving rise to the term "massacre".This change in the Canadian tax law, which was largely debated after the fact, was made to remedy a perceived loss of tax revenue.
A mutual fund that is based in an offshore jurisdiction, which is generally considered to be outside the United States. The term is often used, perhaps incorrectly, to describe a fund that is not in a high-tax country. Watch: Mutual Funds Always be careful when investing your money in offshore accounts that have sponsors that are not well known and/or are located outside of established financial centers such as London or Hong Kong. Non-mainstream offerings may be more prone to scams because of relaxed regulations in some offshore locations. Offshore funds offer a number of features that distinguish them from those domiciled in the U.S., as a lower level of regulation makes it easier to establish and administer the funds. Consequently, operating costs are significantly reduced and management fees can be lower. Tax exempt status enables the fund to reinvest gains that would otherwise be taxable in high-tax areas.
A measure of what it costs an investment company to operate a mutual fund. An expense ratio is determined through an annual calculation, where a fund's operating expenses are divided by the average dollar value of its assets under management. Operating expenses are taken out of a fund's assets and lower the return to a fund's investors. Also known as "management expense ratio" (MER). |||Depending on the type of fund, operating expenses vary widely. The largest component of operating expenses is the fee paid to a fund's investment manager/advisor. Other costs include recordkeeping, custodial services, taxes, legal expenses, and accounting and auditing fees. Some funds have a marketing cost referred to as a 12b-1 fee, which would also be included in operating expenses. A fund's trading activity, the buying and selling of portfolio securities, is not included in the calculation of the expense ratio. Costs associated with mutual funds but not included in operating expenses are loads and redemption fees, which, if they apply, are paid directly by fund investors.
A special type of coupon website that is offers group deals to a group of consumers. Groupons attempt to tap into the power of collective purchasing by offering a substantial discount, such as half off, to a group of people if they will buy a particular product or service. Many restaurants and other retailers use groupons in an effort to lure groups of customers into their establishments. Groupons can offer discounts on a meal or other amenity for perhaps a group of 10 or 12. They frequently circulate via email or social sites such as Facebook. Groupon allows users to see the available deals of the day, and purchase the corresponding coupon.
An option strategy that involves writing the same number of puts and calls with the same expiration and strike price on a stock owned by the investor. A covered straddle is a bullish strategy. The covered straddle strategy is not a fully "covered" one, since only the call option position is covered. The put write position is "naked", or uncovered, which means that if assigned, it would require the option writer to buy the stock at the strike price. While gains with the covered straddle strategy are limited, large losses can result if the underlying stock tumbles to levels well below the strike price at option expiration. If the stock does not move between the date that the positions are entered and expiration, the investor collects the premiums and realizes a small gain.
A term used in foreign-currency trading. "Spot next" denotes the delivery of purchased currency on a day after the spot date. Spot-next contracts come in many lengths, such as spot one week, which implies delivery of the currency one week following the trade date. |||The price for spot-next deliveries is adjusted for the extra time period. For example, a currency that is bought on Tuesday will settle on Friday; therefore, the price of the trade is determined on Friday.
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