The theft of trade secrets by the removal, copying or recording of confidential or valuable information in a company for use by a competitor. Industrial espionage is conducted for commercial purposes rather than national security purposes (espionage), and should be differentiated from competitive intelligence, which is the legal gathering of information by examining corporate publications, websites, patent filings and the like, to determine a corporation's activities. Industrial espionage describes covert activities, such as the theft of trade secrets, bribery, blackmail and technological surveillance. Industrial espionage is most commonly associated with technology-heavy industries, particularly the computer and auto sectors, in which a significant amount of money is spent on research and development (R&D).
A treaty created following the conclusion of World War II. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was implemented to further regulate world trade to aide in the economic recovery following the war. GATT's main objective was to reduce the barriers of international trade through the reduction of tariffs, quotas and subsidies. |||Formed in 1947 and signed into international law on January 1, 1948, GATT remained one of the focal features of international trade agreements until it was replaced by the creation of the World Trade Organization on January 1, 1995. The foundation for GATT was laid by the proposal of the International Trade Organization in 1945, however the ITO was never completed.
An option that can only be exercised at the end of its life, at its maturity. European options tend to sometimes trade at a discount to its comparable American option. This is because American options allow investors more opportunities to exercise the contract. European options normally trade over the counter, while American options usually trade on standardized exchanges. A buyer of an European option that does not want to wait for maturity to exercise it can sell the option to close the position.
An economic survey of Japanese business issued by the central Bank of Japan, which it then uses to formulate monetary policy. The report is released four times a year in April, July, October and mid-December. |||The survey covers thousands of Japanese companies with a specified minimum amount of capital, although firms deemed sufficiently influential may also be included. The companies are asked about current trends and conditions in the business place and their respective industries as well as their expected business activities for the next quarter and year.
A managed mutual fund that tends to perform much like a benchmark index such as the S&P 500, which gives it the reputation of being a "closet index fund."The majority of actively managed funds are expected to outperform the so-called average performance produced by passively managed index funds. Also known as a "closet tracker" or "pseudo tracker". Investors pay fund investment managers higher fees to do better than index funds, although managers often fail to outperform the index. A high R-squared factor, a mutual fund risk analysis measure, between 85 and 100 indicates that a managed fund's performance patterns are in line with the fund's benchmark index. If this is the case, investors may be better off investing in the index itself, which has lower portfolio turnover and lower expense ratio features.
A type of mutual fund that guarantees an investor at least the initial investment, plus any capital gains, if it is held for the contractual term. The idea behind this type of fund is that you will be exposed to market returns because the fund is able to invest in the stock market, but you will have the safety of the guaranteed principal. The initial investment is protected by an insurance policy in case the fund is unable to pay the investor back his or her principal. The initial investment can only be paid back after the guarantee period is over; if the investor sells before this period, he/she is subject to the current value of the fund and any losses that may arise. This type of fund tends to have higher expense ratios than other types of mutual funds. While protected funds state that you will be guaranteed at least your original investment in addition to being exposed to market returns, these funds are often heavily invested in fixed-income securities and have less weighting in the stock market.
An association of futures commission merchants, banks and trading advisers operating in the United States, European and Asian futures markets. FIA provides information and education on futures markets and trading. It also represents the interest of its members by lobbying regulatory bodies and exchanges. |||Established in 1955, FIA was to serve as a forum for ideas and discussion surrounding the futures industry. Since inception, it has promoted fair trade, prevented abuse of current market rules and provided valuable information to its members. In order to promote competition, FIA has lobbied against taxation on futures contracts and the mergers of futures markets.
A bank guarantee that an option writer has the underlying security on deposit and that the underlying security is readily available for delivery if the option is exercised. The use of escrow accounts and receipts provides further evidence and security that the securities are available to complete the transaction.
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