An economic theory created by Soviet economist Nikolai Kondratiev that states that Western capitalist economies are susceptible to high performance volatility. Also known as "Kondratiev cycle". Kondratiev called these large performance fluctuations "super-cycles," which last 50-60 years. Kondratiev claimed to have predicted in the 1920s the stock market crash of 1929, also known as Black Thursday. His prediction was based on the market crash of 1870.
A restriction on the amount of option contracts of a single class that any one person or company can exercise within a fixed time period (usually a period of five business days). This limit is in place so that no one person or company can corner or greatly impact the option market. For example, copper options on the CBOE may have a five-day exercise limit of 5,000 contracts, meaning no person or group can trade more than 5,000 copper contracts over any five-day period.
An exam offered by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) for financial professionals seeking to become general securities principals or sales supervisors. The Series 23 can only be taken once the Series 9/10 exams have been passed. The exam consists of 100 multiple-choice questions on the investment banking process (primary and secondary markets), market-making and trading activities at the firm level, managing office staff, and current FINRA regulations. A score of 70% or better is required for passing. The Series 23 can be bypassed by taking the Series 24 exam, which is more comprehensive and includes information presented on the 9/10 exams. A general securities principal has the authority to manage mutual funds, variable annuities and other pooled asset vehicles within FINRA and SEC-authorized firms. Sales supervisors can manage sales and brokerage staff, or work as general partners for a firm. Professionals taking this exam have typically been working in the industry for several years, and are looking to become mutual fund managers or office managers.
1. The act of misrepresenting the value of a financial instrument for the purpose of extending credit obligations or increasing financial leverage. 2. A fraudulent act involving the alteration or issuance of a check or draft with insufficient funds. 1. Kiting generally occurs when securities firms fail to deliver securities of buy and sell transactions in a timely manner (before the three-day settlement period). The firm failing to receive the securities is required to purchase the shortage on the open market and charge the delinquent firm any associated fees. The delinquent firm is practicing the fraudulent act of kiting if it fails to purchase the securities on the open market and maintains a short position, delays delivery or takes part in transactions contrary to SEC regulations regarding the proper settlement of trades. 2. In the past, clearing checks between banks took extended periods of time. Individuals used to take advantage of this delay and wrote "bad" checks to deposit funds before the checks were cashed. Banks have tried to cut down on kited checks by placing holds on deposited funds and charging for returned checks. Both of these kiting practices are considered illegal.
Seven of the world's leading countries that meet periodically to achieve a cooperative effort on international economic and monetary issues. |||The G-7 includes the Group of Five countries along with Canada and Italy.
The main financial district of London, and one of the world's major concentrations of business and financial institutions. The City is approximately one square mile and is located in the city of London within the United Kingdom. The City is the world's largest currency trading center surpassing the second place New York City. |||The foreign exchange market is the world's largest financial market. Highly liquid, the average daily volume is in the trillions of dollars. London accounts for more than one-third of the total daily turnover, followed by New York City and Tokyo. London's collective business and financial institutions such as Bank of England and the Royal Exchange are located there.
A mutual fund that restricts its investment to the assets of one country and is able to allocate its funds only within the range of investment instruments available in the specified country. This restriction is based on the mutual fund prospectus. If the fund's prospectus states that it is only investing in one country, the fund is bound by this statement. Also known as a "country fund". For example, a single-country fund for Russia will only invest in assets based in that country, such as the stocks of Russian companies, Russian government debt and other Russia-based financial instruments.
Those who help a company fend off a takeover attempt with the use of defensive strategies. Companies, usually with the help of investment bankers, use a number of strategies to repel a hostile takeover bid including, but are not limited to: poison pills, people pills, white knights, shark repellent, pac-man, lobster traps, sandbags, whitemail, greenmail and the macaroni defense.
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