A provision in a municipal bond issue that requires the issuing municipality to use net revenues (revenues left after expenses) from the project being financed to pay first the debt service costs of the issue. |||Similar to other restrictive provisions contained in bond indentures, a net revenue pledge serves to make the bond issue less risky for bondholders. Since the pledge effectively forces the government to use revenue from its debt-financed projects to pay debt service costs first, bondholders enjoy a reduced risk of default.
When an investor replaces an old options position with new one at a lower strike price. When investors are bearish on a stock they will typically roll down.
When an investor replaces an old options position with new one having an earlier expiration date (and the same strike price). This is sometimes referred to as a roll backward.
A ratio comparing the net value of a municipal bond issue to the estimated market value of the property secured by the debt. This ratio can differ significantly from a municipal bond's net debt to assessed valuation if real-estate prices for the municipality's holdings incur large increases or decreases. |||One of the factors that determines the quality of a municipal bond issue is the lower an organization's debt is relative to the estimated market value of its property, the less risky its bonds are deemed to be since there is less risk the government would not have the ability to finance repayment of the bond issue.
A fictional society in which the world markets become complete and sophisticated enough that every imaginable risk can be mitigated by insurance. The notion of the riskless society was deveopled by Dr. Kenneth Arrow and Gerard Debreu, which has led the way to further progress in the risk management sciences. The theories presented by Arrow and Debreu were based on an assumption of market equilibrium that stands in opposition to much of the empirical evidence the markets provide us with. Modern behavioral finance theory attempts to study markets under states of non-equilibrium. Debreu won the Nobel Memorial Prize for this work in 1983. Since Arrow and Debreu's work was first published, the prevalence of financial derivatives products has grown exponentially.
In a municipal bond issue, a ratio measuring the value of the municipality's net debt compared to the specified value of the real property being purchased as assessed for tax purposes. |||This is one of the factors which determines the quality of a municipal bond issue. The lower a municipality's debt is relative to the assessed value of its property, the less risky its bonds are deemed to be, since there is less risk of the government being unable to finance repayment of the bond issue.
1. In commodities trading, it is a hedge strategy that consists of selling a call and buying a put option. This strategy protects against unfavorable, downward price movements but limits the profits that can be made from favorable upward price movements.2. In foreign-exchange trading, risk reversal is the difference in volatility (delta) between similar call and put options, which conveys market information used to make trading decisions. 1. For example, say Producer ABC purchased an $11 June put option and sold a $13.50 June call option at even money (put and call premiums are equal). Under this scenario, the producer is protected against any price moves in June below $11 but the benefit of upward price movements reaches the maximum limit at $13.50. 2. Risk reversal refers to the manner in which similar out-of-the-money call and put options, usually FX options, are quoted by dealers. Instead of quoting these options' prices, dealers quote their volatility. The greater the demand for an options contract, the greater its volatility and its price. A positive risk reversal means the volatility of calls is greater than the volatility of similar puts, which implies that more market participants are betting on a rise in the currency than on a drop, and vice versa if the risk reversal is negative. Thus, risk reversals can be used to gauge positions in the FX market and can convey information to make trading decisions.
A measurement of the value of a government's debt expressed in terms of the amount attributable to each citizen under the government's jurisdiction. It is commonly computed using the following formula: |||The level of net debt per capita is an important factor to consider when analyzing a government's ability to continue to pay its debt service costs through its current levels of tax revenue. In other words, this measure helps indicate the default risk of government bonds.
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