A type of option where the cost of purchasing the option is paid gradually as the strike approaches instead of when the trade is initiated. The options contract spells out how much premium must be paid and when. A step premium option is more expensive than a plain vanilla in-the-money option, but less expensive than a contingent premium option. With the latter, the investor does not pay a premium if the option expires out of the money. A step premium option is considered a structured option. A wide variety of options exist to meet different investment needs, and their premiums reflect the unique risks and rewards associated with each type of option. Investors like options because they offer a cost-efficient way to invest in an underlying asset, they can reduce investment risk when used correctly, they allow the potential for higher percentage returns by using leverage and they provide the flexibility to develop numerous trading strategies.
The federal regulatory body that oversees the government-sponsored entities (GSEs), Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. It was established as an independent entity within the Department of Housing and Urban Development by the Federal Housing Enterprises Financial Safety and Soundness Act of 1992. The OFHEO works to ensure the capital adequacy and financial safety of the two housing GSEs. |||OFHEO's mission is to promote housing and a strong national housing finance system by ensuring the safety and soundness of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. OFHEO's role as Freddie Mac's and Fannie Mae's regulator has become increasingly more visible as the GSE's retained portfolios of mortgages have grown in size and complexity. OFHEO also sets the annual conforming loan limits.
An option-granting practice in which options are granted at a time that precedes a positive news event. Spring loading relies on the fact that positive news typically causes the underlying company's stock to surge in value. Timing an option grant to precede the public news release provides the option holder with an almost instant profit. Spring-loading options is often a controversial practice. Because option strike prices tend to be derived from the grant day's stock price, on the day of granting the option should be "at the money".Theoretically, executives should benefit from options-based compensation only if their performance has increased shareholder value. Therefore, critics of spring loaded options state that allowing the option holder to gain instant profit defeats the purpose of option-based compensation. However, others claim that the effects of spring loading are minimal, as most option grants have a vesting period, which prevents the holder from realizing his or her position for a period of time. In this case, the option might be out of the money long before the investor can exercise it.
The U.S. Treasury yield curve derived using off-the-run treasuries. Off-the-run treasuries refer to U.S. government bonds of a given maturity that are not the most recently issued. While they are not as recent as on-the-run treasuries, off-the-run treasuries can be used to construct a yield curve if there is a problem or distortion with the yield curve as represented by on-the-run treasuries. |||While the on-the-run treasury yield curve is the primary benchmark used for pricing fixed-income securities, fixed-income analytics are sometimes run by investors and traders based on the off-the-run treasury yield curve because they believe the on-the-run treasury yield curve has price distortions caused by the current market demand for the on-the-run bonds.
A type of option that derives its value from the difference between the prices of two or more assets. Spread options can be written on all types of financial products including equities, bonds and currencies. This type of position can be purchased on large exchanges, but is primarily traded in the over-the-counter market. Some types of commodity spreads enable the trader to gain exposure to the commodity's production process. This is created by purchasing a spread option based on the difference between the inputs and outputs of the process. Common examples of this type of spread are the crack, crush and spark spreads.
All Treasury bonds and notes issued before the most recently issued bond or note of a particular maturity. These are the opposite of "on-the-run treasuries". |||once a new Treasury security of any maturity is issued, the previously issued security with the same maturity becomes the off-the-run bond or note. Because off-the-run securities are less frequently traded, they typically are less expensive and carry a slightly greater yield.
A clause in a revenue-bond agreement that permits the issuance of additional revenue bonds in the future, provided that the revenue of the previous year was sufficient enough to cover the costs of the new issue. |||This type of restriction in a bond agreement mainly serves to provide flexibility for the bond issuer, allowing it to alter its financing mix. However, by stipulating that previous revenue levels must cover any new issues of bonds, bondholders are assured a measure of safety.
The rate at which the gamma of an option or warrant will change in relation to underlying price in the underlying market. More specifically, it is the third order derivative of an options value to price. A high speed value indicates that gamma is more sensitive to moves in price of the underlying asset. Speed is used by investors who utilize both delta-hedging and gamma-hedging option trading strategies, and provides the investor with information on the vega or delta of an option per year (the daily figure can be found by dividing the result by the number of days in the year). As the number of days left on the options contract get smaller and smaller, charm becomes more volatile and less accurate.
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