A period in which a company's allowable tax deductions are greater than its taxable income, resulting in a negative taxable income. This generally occurs when a company has incurred more expenses than revenues during the period. The net operating loss for the company can generally be used to recover past tax payments or reduce future tax payments. The reasoning behind this is that because corporations are required to pay taxes when they earn money, they also deserve some form of tax relief when they lose money. If a company has a net operating loss, it can apply this tax relief in two ways: it can apply the net operating loss to its past tax payments and receive a tax credit; or it could apply the net operating loss to future income tax payments, reducing the need to make payments in future periods. The terms of the tax relief and how it can be applied varies by jurisdiction but usually the NOL can be applied to the past few years (two to three) and much more to the future (seven to 10) years.
The earned pension benefit that will be paid to an employee at regular retirement age. The accrued monthly benefit is based on the employee's years of service through the accrual date, and is paid to pension holders each month following retirement. The accrued monthly benefit is based on the employee's years (or units) of service. Most pension plans can calculate the accrued monthly benefit that an employee will receive based on a number of different cut-off dates (the date the employee will terminate his or her employment and retire). In addition, many employers issue annual benefits statements that specify an employee's accrued monthly pension benefit .
An equation used by Canadian retirees to calculate how much money to withdraw each year from their Registered Retirement Income Funds (RRIFs), a type of tax-advantaged individual retirement plan. Retirees are required to withdraw a minimum amount from the plan each year and can calculate the amount to be withdrawn using one of two formulas: the 90-age formula or the 90-percentage schedule. The 90-age formula assumes that the retiree will live to be 90 years old. It calculates the annual withdrawal amount by dividing the book value of the RRIF at the beginning of the calendar year by (1- (90 - planholder or spouse's age)). The morbidity calculation allows the RRIF to act as a lifetime annuity. The money withdrawn from the RRIF is taxable at the retiree's marginal tax rate.
A program offered by the IRS to taxpayers who are unable to pay their tax debt. Those who qualify are allowed to make an offer in compromise, which is an offer to pay a lesser amount than that which is owed. The offer in compromise program is intended to allow taxpayers with substantial back taxes to settle their tax debt and start over with a clean slate, so that they can remain current on their taxes in the future. Taxpayers can find out whether they are eligible for an offer in compromise by consulting the checklist on Form 656 of the offer in compromise IRS package. In order to qualify, taxpayers must fall into at least one of the following three categories: 1) Uncertain Liability - Is tax really owed?2) Uncertain Collectability - Taxpayer has no way to pay this debt.3) Economic Hardship - Taxpayer must prove that paying the debt would be unfair or create further hardship. According to the IRS, taxpayers should beware of promoter's claims that tax debts can be settled for "pennies on the dollar."
An actuarial valuation is a type of appraisal which requires making economic and demographic assumptions in order to estimate future liabilities. The assumptions are typically based on a mix of statistical studies and experienced judgment. Since assumptions are often derived from long-term data, unusual short-term conditions or unanticipated trends can occasionally cause problems. A common example where an actuarial valuation is in the valuation of a pension fund. It is usually easy to value a pension fund's assets because they primarily hold liquid securities such as stocks and bonds. However, it can be very difficult to value the liabilities of a pension fund. First, assumptions must be made to determine the total value of pension payouts that must be made in the future. Second, assumptions must also be made as to the expected growth of the fund's assets which will allow it to meet those obligations. If either set of assumptions proves to be significantly off, then there might be too little (or too much) funds in the future to pay pension benefits.
A Canada Revenue Service form that must be submitted by non-residents who have received rent from real property or timber royalties in Canada and who want to file an income tax return under subsection 216(4) of the Canadian Income Tax Act. The NR6 Form must be signed by both the Canadian non-resident and his or her agent, who has been collecting the income and remitting the related taxes on behalf of the non-resident. If the undertaking is approved, the non-resident will be required to submit his or her own income tax payments by the 15th day of the month following the month during which the rental payment was paid or credited to the agent on the non-resident's behalf. Also known "Undertaking to File an Income Tax Return by a Non-Resident Receiving Rent from Real Property or Receiving a Timber Royalty," this form must be filed on or before the first day of each tax year, which usually corresponds to the calendar year, or before the first rental payment is due. This form should be completed with a list containing the annual estimated gross income, total expenses and net income for each rental property, along with each property's address. The form should also contain a list of the expenses incurred in the property's day-to-day management. This information is used in calculating the tax due.
A letter or written notice from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) informing the recipient that authorization has been given to liquidate his or her assets in order to cover the income taxes due. This is not something you want to receive. Seizure is where the IRS comes in and takes your car, house, shirts, socks and U2 posters.
Method by which corporations determine, assess and plan for the financial impact of risk. Actuaries use mathematical and statistical models to evaluate risk in the insurance and finance industries. In addition to mathematical and statistical methods, actuaries call upon other fields including probability, finance, economics and computer programming to create actuarial models. Actuarial science is used to evaluate and predict future payouts for insurance and other financial industries such as the pension industry. Actuarial services include the analysis of rates of disability, morbidity, mortality, retirement, survivorship and other contingencies. By using mathematical and statistical modeling, actuaries are able to provide estimates regarding particular events, such as the life span of a life insurance applicant, or the likelihood of a catastrophic, weather-related event for a property and casualty insurance firm. Actuarial services forecast risk and uncertainty and help firms plan for future probabilities and possibilities.
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