A generic term referring to an excess amount of tax being withheld for an employee or retirement plan participant throughout the year. Overwithholding can apply to both income and Social Security taxes. Any amount of overwithholding is sent back as a refund to the taxpayer after he or she has filed a return. Overwithholding is also known as excess withholding. This commonly occurs when there is an overexpectation of your yearly income, which could be caused by large bonuses or above average lump sum payments. Overwithholding of Social Security benefits is refunded back to the taxpayer in the form of a refundable tax credit.
A Japanese business practice in which senior politicians retire to executive or high-profile positions within the corporate realm. Meaning "descent from heaven," amakudari as a practice shifts retired bureaucrats to industries related to the public sector work that they retired from, creating a strong bond between private and public sectors. Amakudari as a practice has been increasingly associated with corruption and a tie to old, outdated ways of doing business. The practice is considered corrupt because it creases a strong incentive for retired bureaucrats to resist reforms, since their high level jobs are directly related to their connections with the government. It is considered outdated because Japanese businesses often operate in a very hierarchical manner, with particular emphasis placed on seniority. This has been said to make advancement through merit difficult.
A criterion that determines whether meals eaten alone while working are tax deductible. To be considered a tax-deductible business expense, meals eaten alone must be eaten when the person is doing business away from home for long enough and/or far away enough that an overnight stay is required. For example, if Zoe drives across town for a business meeting, then stops at a restaurant afterward for a meal, the meal will not be tax deductible because she dined in the general vicinity of her office. She did not stay overnight anywhere, so the expense does not meet the overnight sleep test. If Zoe's office is in Los Angeles and she flies to Denver for a business meeting, then has lunch at the airport and returns to Los Angeles the same day, the lunch is still not tax deductible.
A type of private insurer that offers various types of coverage to both individuals and institutions. These insurers were originally created by groups of people or organizations that had a common need for a type of coverage that was not available commercially. In most cases, these same parties supplied the initial start-up capital to fund these facilities. Alternative risk financing facilities can provide several different types of coverage, such as property-casualty insurance, worker's compensation, directors and officers liability insurance and medical malpractice coverage. A wide variety of types of insured employ these facilities for coverage, such as banks, medical professionals, manufacturers and public entities. The majority of the headquarters for these entities are located in Bermuda.
An obsolete tax law that provided homeowners over the age of 55 with a one-time capital gains exclusion. Individuals who met the necessary requirements could exclude up to $125,000 of capital gains on the sale of their personal residences. The exclusion was intended to stimulate the real estate market and reward homeowners for their purchase and subsequent sale. The over-55 home sale exemption was superceded by provisions in the 1997 Tax Reform Act. This act raised the amount of excludable gain to $250,000 per taxpayer, and also allowed for more than one exclusion per taxpayer per lifetime.
An expense incurred and paid for by an individual for personal use, or relating to one's employment or business. This can also relate to ongoing costs of operating a fixed asset, such as a car or a home. Some out-of-pocket expenses may be reimbursed by an employer or other group if the expense is incurred directly on their behalf. In addition, some out-of-pocket expense categories can be deducted from one's personal income taxes. Common examples of out-of-pocket expenses include gasoline for a car, taking a business client to lunch and certain medical payments such as prescription costs. Income tax deductions are often available for expenses related to education, healthcare, home upkeep and charitable donations. While tax deductions don't represent a direct reimbursement, there is an ancillary benefit to paying what is typically something that must be paid anyway.
The procedure that occurs upon the termination of any kind of pension plan. The allocation of plan assets on termination can occur in one of two ways: either each employee is repaid his or her contributions plus interest, or else the employees are categorized based on their entitlement to benefits. The allocation of plan assets is usually done by the plan administrator or trustee. Obviously, different types of employees will favor one type of allocation over the other. For example, highly compensated employees may come out ahead in the latter type of allocation listed above, while rank-and-file employees may benefit more from the former.
A federal tax credit that provides an incentive for pharmaceutical companies to seek treatments and cures for rare diseases affecting Americans. Normally, companies may not be motivated to make a drug for a small population because sales may be insufficient to justify the research and development costs of creating the drug. The Orphan Drug Credit provides a credit of 50% of clinical drug testing costs for drugs being tested under section 505(i) of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. The credit can be applied whether the clinical tests are performed directly by the pharmaceutical company or are contracted out to a third party. In general, the testing must be conducted within the United States. Orphan drug credits allow pharmaceutical companies to create orphan drugs that target rare conditions.
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