A tax that takes a larger percentage from low-income people than from high-income people. A regressive tax is generally a tax that is applied uniformly. This means that it hits lower-income individuals harder. Some examples include gas tax and cigarette tax. For example, if a person has $10 of income and must pay $1 of tax on a package of cigarettes, this represents 10% of the person's income. However, if the person has $20 of income, this $1 tax only represents 5% of that person's income.Sales taxes that apply to essentials are generally considered to be regressive as well because expenses for food, clothing and shelter tend to make up a higher percentage of a lower income consumer's overall budget. In this case, even though the tax may be uniform (such as 7% sales tax), lower income consumers are more affected by it because they are less able to afford it.
An IRA that allows a second generation beneficiary to continue to distribute the assets over the life expectancy used by the first generation beneficiary, thereby extending the IRA. An individual who inherits IRA assets from the original IRA owner is referred to as the first generation beneficiary. This individual is able to distribute the assets over his or her life expectancy or the remaining life expectancy of the IRA owner. If the first generation beneficiary subsequently dies, his or her designated beneficiary is the second generation beneficiary. This type of IRA is used by those who no longer need - or want - to spend all of their IRA assets at the same time. Extended IRAs can have extensive tax benefits because second generation beneficiaries are allowed to continue distributions over the life expectancy used by the first generation beneficiary, thereby spreading the tax burden from distributions over a long period.
Any type of agreement that requires the buyer to either take or abstain from a specific action. In real estate transactions, restrictive covenants are binding legal obligations written into the deed of a property by the seller. These covenants can be either simple or complex and can levy penalties against buyers who fail to obey them. Restrictive covenants can include such reasonable provisions as adequate maintenance of property and limitations pertaining to paint and decoration. They can also place more onerous restrictions on buyers, such as the number of tenants that can live in a property or even the timing of holiday decoration setup and removal. Payments received for the release of restrictive covenants of investment properties are treated as capital gains.
The penalty a retirement account owner or the beneficiary of a retirement account must pay when he or she fails to distribute a minimum amount due for a year from the retirement account. The failure to distribute this amount will result in the individual being subject to an excess accumulation penalty of 50 percent of the amount not distributed from the account. This amount is then owed to the IRS.
The payment of punitive damages that are owed as a result of wrongdoing or neglect. Restitution payments are an attempt to restore a person to a previous financial condition that should have persisted save for the improper actions of another person or entity. Restitution payments are usually paid according to a schedule dictated by the court, but often will not begin until after the defendant/payor has been released from prison, if jail time is also served. Some types of restitution payments are controversial, such as payments to descendants of black slaves or Holocaust survivors. Some restitution payments are tax free, but payors cannot deduct restitution payments by donating them to a qualified charity.
All of the valuable things an individual owns, such as real estate, art collections, collectibles, antiques, jewelry, investments and life insurance. The value of a personal estate usually becomes very important upon the death of the person in question. Those in line for inheritance often have to pay an inheritance tax on the estate. This tax can be very large, forcing the beneficiary to sell some of the inherited assets in order to pay the tax bill.
A type of property that derives more than 80% of its revenue from dwelling units. Residential rental property uses the 27.5 year modified accelerated cost recovery system (MACRS) schedule for depreciation. Income from residential rental property is passive income. only residential rental property that has been placed in service after 1986 is eligible for MACRS treatment. A dwelling unit is defined as either a house or apartment. Hotel and motel units do not qualify as residential rental property under the Internal Revenue Service's (IRS) definition of residential rental property.
The collection of preparation tasks that serve to manage an individual's asset base in the event of their incapacitation or death, including the bequest of assets to heirs and the settlement of estate taxes. Most estate plans are set up with the help of an attorney experienced in estate law. Some of the major estate planning tasks include:- Creating a will- Limiting estate taxes by setting up trust accounts in the name of beneficiaries- Establishing a guardian for living dependents- Naming an executor of the estate to oversee the terms of the will- Creating/updating beneficiaries on plans such as life insurance, IRAs and 401(k)s- Setting up funeral arrangements- Establishing annual gifting to reduce the taxable estate - Setting up durable power of attorney (POA) to direct other assets and investments Estate planning is an ongoing process and should be started as soon as one has any measurable asset base. As life progresses and goals shift, the estate plan should move to be in line with new goals. Lack of adequate estate planning can cause undue financial burdens to loved ones (estate taxes can run higher than 40%), so at the very least a will should be set up even if the taxable estate is not large.
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