When a trade in a listed stock is not executed through the listing exchange. Historically, in an upstairs trade buyers and sellers would negotiate the price and conditions of the trade in the "upstairs" rooms of a brokerage firm. Some exchanges prohibit upstairs trading.
An adjustment to the return on an investment that accounts for the element of risk. Risk-adjusted return on capital (RAROC) gives decision makers the ability to compare the returns on several different projects with varying risk levels. RAROC was popularized by Bankers Trust in the 1980s as an adjustment to simple return on capital (ROC).Income from capital = (capital charges)*(risk-free rate)Expected loss = average anticipated loss over the measurement period |||In financial analysis, riskier projects and investments must be evaluated differently from their riskless counterparts. By discounting risky cash flows against less risky cash flows, RAROC accounts for changes in the profile of the investment. In general, the higher the risk, the higher the return. Thus, when companies need to compare and contrast two different projects or investments, it is important to take into account these possibilities.
Also known as revenue passenger miles, RPM refers to how many seats were actually sold on an airline's flight. |||Simply put, a measure of an airline's revenue based on its traffic.
Newly issued securities that have not seen much interest, or subscriptions, from investors ahead of the issue date or have not been offered by brokerages. If you wanted to own the newly issued shares, you'd only be able to purchase them as you would any other stock - through the secondary markets. Essentially, you can view a subscription to a public offering as an order to purchase the shares from your brokerage firm once they are issued. If you are not subscribed to a given public issue, you will not be buying any shares through the public offering.The investment bank handling a public offering tries to determine which offering price will result in an optimal number of subscriptions for the issue. Too high an offering price is likely to result in the shares being unsubscribed.
An updated trust investment law that reflects the changes that have occurred in investment practice since the late 1960s, specifically with regard to modern portfolio theory. The Uniform Prudent Investor Act (UPIA) made five fundamental changes to the previous Prudent Investor Act standard. The most important change was that the standard of prudence would henceforth be applied to any investment in the context of the total portfolio, rather than to individual investments. Another key change was the extension of permission to the trustee to delegate investment management functions, subject to appropriate safeguards; such delegation was expressly forbidden by the former trust law. By taking the total portfolio approach and eliminating category restrictions on different types of investments, the UPIA fostered a greater degree of diversification in investment portfolios. It also made it possible for trustees to include in their portfolios investments such as derivatives, commodities and futures. While these investments individually have a relatively higher degree of risk, they could potentially reduce overall portfolio risk and boost returns when considered in a total portfolio context.
A legal contract that obligates a buyer to buy and a seller to sell a product or service. SPAs are found in all types of businesses but are most often associated with real estate deals as a way of finalizing the interests of both parties before closing the deal. |||Sales and purchase agreements are also found in the upper supply chains of many large, publicly-traded companies. They are set up to help both the suppliers and the purchasers forecast demand and costs, and become increasingly important as the size of the deals increases.
When economic growth produces negative external consequences to the extent that the growth is unproductive with respect to the broader global systems in which it is viewed. Uneconomic growth occurs at a faster rate than what is considered sustainable. Uneconomic growth studies deal with the negative social and/or environmental impacts of too much growth in a broad economic sense (such as a nation's gross domestic product). The term was popularized by former World Bank economist Herman Daly in the late 1990s, but the core ideas of unproductive growth have a long and varied history. Negative consequences include negative impacts to social welfare and environmental damage. These outweigh the short-term value of an extra unit of growth. Uneconomic growth is generally attributed to poor planning, not negative intentions. The term's proliferation has centered mostly on the environmental movement, as data suggests that certain areas of growth, such as an increased use of fossil fuel, has uneconomic consequences. When a nation increases production at the expense of known damage to the environment, it creates a negative consequence that is felt by not only by that country, but by the entire planet. This same principle can be brought down to the level of a city, company, and even one's own home.
Benefits that have been paid into or accrued in an employer-sponsored plan and that can be transferred to a new employer's plan or to an individual who is leaving the workforce. Applies to benefits from health plans, retirement plans and most other defined-contribution plans. Portability of benefits can be found within most 401(k) plans, 403(b) plans and health savings accounts (HSAs). There has been a lot of recent progress in making employee benefits more portable. 401(k) and 403(b) plans can usually be rolled into a new employer's plan or to an IRA; the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) even ensures that pre-existing medical conditions don't exclude a worker when moving from one group health plan to another.The two main types of plans that don't have portable benefits are defined-benefit plans (such as pension plans) and company-sponsored flexible spending accounts (FSAs).
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