The actuarial present value of pension plan benefits belonging to employees of an organization. The vested benefit obligation (VBO) is one measure of a pension fund's liability. The VBO only considers benefits that have vested in an employee, as opposed to the accumulated benefit obligation (ABO), which represents the present value of any benefits, whether vested or not. Since minimum vesting requirements are generally five years, the values of the vested benefit obligation and accumulated benefit obligation are very close in most pension plans. While the ABO and VBO values are required to be disclosed at fiscal year-end, in cases where the values are almost similar, companies' financial statements show the ABO value and state that the VBO and ABO values are not materially different.
The form that an employer must send to an employee and the IRS at the end of the year. The W-2 form reports an employee's annual wages and the amount of taxes withheld from his or her paycheck. A W-4 is a form that individuals complete for withholding purposes, whereas a W-2 form is for employers to fill out. The employer must provide the employee their W-2 form by the deadline set by the IRS.
An Internal Revenue Service (IRS) rule prohibiting a taxpayer from claiming a loss on the sale of an investment when the same investment was purchased within 30 days before or after the sale date. Also know as the "30-day wash-sale rule". This rule was imposed to crack down on taxpayers trying to get a tax reduction from a wash sale.
A method of calculating an employer's contribution to an employee's defined benefit plan. The employer calculates the contribution by multiplying an employee's years of service by a percentage of his or her salary. For instance, the company may provide 0.5% or 1% of the employee's salary for each year of service. One advantage of this retirement plan contribution system is that employees are compensated for working longer at a company. However, many employers are reluctant to adopt this system because it requires the services of an actuary and, in turn, higher associated costs for the employer.
An IRS form that grants a foreigner an exemption from certain U.S. information return reporting and backup withholding regulations.There are many variations of the W-8 form, such as the W-8BEN and W-8ECI. One of the main purposes of this document is to show brokers and mutual fund companies that the foreign investor is not subject to the typical taxation practice where tax is withheld from investment income (e.g. dividends and coupon payments). If adequate documentation is not supplied with a W-8 form, the foreign investor will be subject to the normal rates of backup withholding.
A company retirement plan that has more liabilities than assets. In other words, the money needed to cover current and future retirements is not readily available. Hence, there is no assurance that future retirees will receive the pensions they were promised or that current retirees will continue to get their previously established distribution amount. Pension plans can become underfunded in a variety of ways. Interest rate changes, a weak stock market, mergers and bankruptcies can all greatly affect company pensioners. During times of an economic slowdown pension plans are most susceptible to becoming underfunded.
An illegal transaction an investor makes by simultaneously buying and selling a security through two different brokers, thereby creating the illusion of activity. Investors do this to try and recognize a tax loss without actually changing their position. The effectiveness of this strategy has been greatly diminished with the implementation of the IRS 30-day wash rule, where a taxpayer cannot recognize a loss on an investment if that investment was purchased within 30 days of sale (before or after sale).
A trust fund is a fund comprised of a variety of assets intended to provide benefits to an individual or organization. The trust fund is established by a grantor to provide financial security to an individual, most often a child or grandchild - or organizations, such as a charity or other non-profit organization. A trust fund can be comprised of cash, stocks, bonds, property and other types of financial products. The recipient of a trust fund must typically wait until a certain age, or until a specified event occurs, to receive a yearly income from the fund. Prior to this, a single trustee, or a group of trustees, manages the fund in a manner appropriate to the trust fund's specifications. This will usually include some allowance for living expenses and perhaps educational expenses, such as private school or college.
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