The market niche comprised of investment vehicles exempt from federal taxes. Nearly all investments in this area are municipal bonds, which cannot be taxed owing to the fact that U.S. law forbids the federal government from taxing debt issues offered by state and local government agencies. These tax exemptions offer investors incentives to purchase low-yield government bonds over higher yielding corporate fixed income securities. |||Although most municipal bonds are tax-free, this is not always the case, as the tax status sometimes depends on what the bonds are being used for. In addition, many municipal bonds, as well as other tax-exempt investments, offer lower yields than taxable investment options.
Interest income that is exempt from federal income tax. Although it is not directly taxed, this income may still be required to determine other tax calculations such as Social Security benefits. |||For example, municipal bonds are exempt from federal and sometimes state taxes.
The Bond Buyer is a municipal bond market daily trade publication. It began production in 1891 as The Daily Bond Buyer and is headquartered in Manhattan. It is under the umbrella of Source Media, a division of Thompson Financial and is considered a leading news source for people and organizations working in the municipal finance industry. The publication's primary reader audience is municipal bond market brokers and dealers, followed by bond issuers, bond and tax counsel, bond rating agencies and credit enhancers, public finance bankers and, lastly, trustees. |||In addition to providing critical statistics and indexes utilized in fixed-income markets, The Bond Buyer provides bond issuing firms with critically-needed Legal Notice Advertising. Firms issuing bonds must comply with legal obligations to notify the public of their upcoming bond and note sales. Other legal notices that firms can run through The Bond Buyer include notices of refunding, bankruptcy, establishment of irrevocable trusts, tender offers, offers to purchase bonds, and name changes.
The remaining life of a financial instrument. In bonds, it is the time between when the bond is issued and when it matures (maturity date), at which time the issuer must redeem the bond by paying the principal (or face value). |||A bond's term to maturity is mainly used in reference to a bond's yield to maturity, which is a widely used figure that compares bonds of varying maturities. Typically, the longer the term, the greater the yield and vice versa.
Debt that has a lower chance of being repaid with interest. Toxic debt is toxic to the person or institution that will receive the payments.This debt generally adheres to one of the following criteria: default rates for the particular debt are in the double digits, more debt is accumulated than what can comfortably be paid back, the interest rates of the obligation are subject to discretionary changes. Any debt could potentially be considered "toxic," if it imposes harm onto the financial position of the holder. |||Debt is not always bad, especially if you are the lender and the borrower is making the payments. If the payments on these loans stop coming in, or are expected to stop, the debt becomes known as toxic debt. The historical costs of toxic debt securities are higher than the current market price. This can often result from unjustified high credit ratings which implies that the risk of default on the security is much lower than fundamental analysis would suggest. Junk bonds are not classified as toxic debt upon purchase, because the buyer is aware of the underlying risk of these securities.
An asset that becomes illiquid when its secondary market disappears. Toxic assets cannot be sold, as they are often guaranteed to lose money. The term "toxic asset" was coined in the financial crisis of 2008/09, in regards to mortgage-backed securities, collateralized debt obligations and credit default swaps, all of which could not be sold after they exposed their holders to massive losses. |||A toxic asset can be best described through an example:If John Doe buys a house and takes out a $400,000 mortgage loan with a 5% interest rate through Bank A, the bank now holds an asset - a mortgage-backed security. Bank A is now entitled to sell the asset to another party (Bank B). Bank B, now the owner of an income-producing asset, is entitled to the 5% mortgage interest paid by John. As long as house prices go up and John continues to pay his mortgage, the asset is a good one.If, however, John defaults on his mortgage, the owner of the mortgage (whether Bank A or Bank B) will no longer receive the payments to which it is entitled. Normally, the house would then be sold, but if the house price has declined in value, only a portion of the money can be regained. As a result, the securities based on this mortgage become unsellable, as no other party would pay for an asset that is guaranteed to lose money.In this example, the mortgage-backed security becomes a toxic asset.
A mutual fund or exchange-traded fund that seeks to replicate a broad bond index by owning many securities across a range of maturities, from both public and private sectors. The most common index used as a benchmark is the Lehman Aggregate Bond Index, which captures Treasury bonds, corporate bonds, municipal bonds and high-grade mortgage-backed securities. Total bond funds may invest in bonds of a similar maturity, class and rating to replicate an issue that is not available for purchase by the fund. These restrictions exist because of the diversity and relative illiquidity of the bond markets compared to equities markets. It is important for a total bond fund to have a similar interest rate and maturity to the base index. |||Total bond fund portfolios actually have a bit more freedom in their security selection than a total stock fund does. Because individual bond issues have less liquidity than stocks, some funds have to bypass certain issues that are in the benchmark index while choosing other bonds that aren’t in the index. Many total bond funds have a small allocation, around 20% of assets, from which bonds can be chosen at the discretion of the managers and held in assets outside the Lehman Index, such as international bonds, derivatives and lower-rated corporate paper. This allows fund managers a chance to invest in some non-correlated assets while keeping the overall risk profile of the fund within the same range as the Lehman Index. The most important risk metrics to keep close to the index are the maturity, or more specifically the weighted average maturity, as well as the duration, or sensitivity to changes in interest rates.
A type of municipal bond used to build a public project such as a bridge, tunnel or expressway. The principal and interest repayments are supplied by revenues from tolls paid by users of the public project in question. |||The main reason municipalities use these revenue bonds is because the bonds allow them to avoid reaching legislated debt limits.
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