The entire quantity of bills, coins, loans, credit and other liquid instruments in a country's economy. |||Money supply is divided into multiple categories - M0, M1, M2 and M3 - according to the type and size of account in which the instrument is kept. The money supply is important to economists trying to understand how policies will affect interest rates and growth.
The process of bringing an account up to minimum equity standards by depositing more cash or equity. This typically occurs after the account holder has received a margin call.When a stock is purchased on margin in a margin account, the account holder is required to maintain certain levels of equity in that account. When these requirements are not met, the brokerage firm will require that additional cash or securities be deposited to bring the account up to minimum equity levels. When an individual purchases stock on margin, he or she must maintain equity in the account of up to 50% of the total value of the securities margined, or borrowed. If the stock should decline in value, the brokerage firm may issue a margin call, which is essentially a demand for the account owner to boost the equity position to the minimum requirement. When a person does this, he or she is said to be remargining the account.
A rate of depreciation used for income tax purposes only. This term primarily relates to Canadian taxation. |||The CCA rate that can be claimed depends on the asset itself, for example computer software has a much higher CCA rate than buildings or furniture.
Buzzword that describes the greed of corporate executives who use underhanded tactics to siphon off wealth at the expense of shareholders. This buzzword is attributed to how ex-Hollinger CEO, Conrad Black, and his fellow associates allegedly embezzled hundreds of millions of dollars over a seven-year period from Hollinger. Black's misuse of company funds was quite blatant. In fact, it was reported that Black and his wife lived a very extravagant lifestyle with company money. For example, reports indicated that Black used $1.4 million of Hollinger funds to pay for his personal butlers, maids and chefs.
The percentage rate at which a mutual fund or exchange-traded fund replaces its investment holdings on an annual basis. Turnover is meant to adjust for the inflows and outflows of cash and report on the level of trading activity in the fund. Annual turnover is a good way to inspect the average time horizon a fund employs. Higher turnover levels will generally add to the expense ratio of a fund and could increase capital gains distributions. Benchmark funds like the S&P 500-matching SPDRs have very low turnover, usually less than 10% per year. On the other end of the spectrum, some funds employ highly active trading strategies that push annual turnover past 100% per year (100% is a full turnover of the portfolio).
When a creditor forgives a debt without requiring consideration in return. The amount of debt that is forgiven by cancellation of debt is considered income to the debtor and must be reported as a result. In most cases, it is taxable as ordinary income and is known as cancellation-of-debt (COD) income. In some cases, this debt is from one country to another and is partially or fully wiped away to help rebuild the nation. |||If the cancellation of debt is taxable, the debtor will receive a 1099-C at year-end that reports the amount of debt forgiven as taxable income. For example, if a bank lent $10,000 to you and you pay back $6,000, then are unable to pay the remainder, the bank can forgive the $4,000 difference, which will be recorded as income for you. Cases in which debt forgiveness is not considered income include bankruptcies, insolvencies, certain farm loans and non-recourse loans.
Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that invest in either the consumer services sector or financial services sector of an economy. A consumer services ETF seeks to derive investment results that correspond to an underlying index of companies that provide products and services to consumers. A financial services ETF aims to derive investment results that track an underlying index of financial service providers such as banks and credit-card issuers. Since consumer spending accounts for a major part of most economies, the investment returns from a consumer services ETF would depend on the prevailing level of consumer sentiment, and hence consumer spending, in an economy. A consumer services ETF would generally include a wide range of companies that provide consumer goods and services, from cable providers and drugstore chains to hotel and retailers (both online and bricks-and-mortar). The investment returns from a financial services ETF are dependent on the performance of the financial sector, which is also closely tied to the performance of the broad economy. Such an ETF would include banks, trusts companies, asset managers, credit-card issuers and other providers of financial services.
An act of self-infringement upon market share by corporations through the issuance of new products. Also known as "market cannibalization". Watch: Corporate Cannibalism Corporate cannibalism occurs when companies introduce new products into a market where these products are already established. In effect, the new products are competing against their own incumbent products.
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