A trader who acts independently of others - and, typically, recklessly - usually to the detriment of both the clients and the institution that employs him or her. In most cases this type of trading is high risk and can create huge losses. One of the most famous rogue traders is Nick Leeson, who was a derivatives trader at the Singapore office of Britain's Barings Bank. Leeson incurred heavy losses through the unauthorized trading of large amounts of Nikkei futures and options. Leeson took large derivative positions on the Nikkei which leveraged the amount of money at stake in the trades. At one point Leeson had 20,000 futures contracts worth over $3 billion on the Nikkei. A large chunk of the losses came from the downturn in the Nikkei after a major earthquake in Japan caused a broad-based sell-off in the Nikkei within a week. Total loss to the 233-year-old Barings Bank was well over $1 billion and led to its eventual bankruptcy. Leeson was charged with fraud and served several years in a Singapore prison.
The currency abbreviation for the Maltese lira (MTL), the currency for Malta from 1972 until December of 2007. The Maltese lira was made up of 100 cents or 1,000 mils, although mils stopped circulating in 1994. The Maltese lira was often presented with the symbol Lm or £ (used locally), and was sometimes referred to as the Maltese pound in English. Malta adopted the Euro in January 2008. |||Malta gained its independence from England in 1964, but until 1972 the British pound continued to circulate. In 1971, when the United Kingdom decimalized, Malta did not follow suit, and instead created its own decimal system based on the lira. From 1973 until 1986 both the pound and lira circulated, after which the lira circulated exclusively.
The main strengths or strategic advantages of a business. Core competencies are the combination of pooled knowledge and technical capacities that allow a business to be competitive in the marketplace. Theoretically, a core competency should allow a company to expand into new end markets as well as provide a significant benefit to customers. It should also be hard for competitors to replicate. A business just starting out will try to first identify - and then focus on - its core competencies, allowing it to establish a footprint while gaining a solid reputation and brand recognition. Using, and later leveraging, core competencies usually provides the best chance for a company's continued growth and survival, as these factors are what differentiate the company from competitors.The term "core competency" is relatively new. It originated in a 1990 Harvard Business Review article. In it, the authors suggest that business functions not enhanced by core competencies should be outsourced if economically feasible.
A stock mutual fund that invests in equity securities without regard to whether a company is characterized as small, medium or large. The term "cap" is shorthand for capitalization. The investment community measures a company's size by its market capitalization, which is calculated by multiplying the number of a company's outstanding shares by its current stock price. There is no universal consensus on the exact definitions of the various market caps, but the following parameters are a good approximation:Giant or Mega Cap: Above $200 billionLarge Cap: From $10 billion to $200 billionMid Cap: From $2 billion to $10 billionSmall Cap: From $300 million to $2 billion Micro Cap: Less than $300 millionThese designations inform mutual fund investors about the investment focus of the fund in terms of company size. In the case of an all-cap fund, the portfolio manager has complete freedom to invest in companies of any size. Because of the inclusive nature of its holdings, a total stock market index fund would have an all-cap portfolio.
1. A revenue or expense stream that changes a cash account over a given period. Cash inflows usually arise from one of three activities - financing, operations or investing - although this also occurs as a result of donations or gifts in the case of personal finance. Cash outflows result from expenses or investments. This holds true for both business and personal finance.2. An accounting statement called the "statement of cash flows", which shows the amount of cash generated and used by a company in a given period. It is calculated by adding noncash charges (such as depreciation) to net income after taxes. Cash flow can be attributed to a specific project, or to a business as a whole. Cash flow can be used as an indication of a company's financial strength. Watch: Understanding Cash Flow |||1. In business as in personal finance, cash flows are essential to solvency. They can be presented as a record of something that has happened in the past, such as the sale of a particular product, or forecasted into the future, representing what a business or a person expects to take in and to spend. Cash flow is crucial to an entity's survival. Having ample cash on hand will ensure that creditors, employees and others can be paid on time. If a business or person does not have enough cash to support its operations, it is said to be insolvent, and a likely candidate for bankruptcy should the insolvency continue. 2. The statement of a business's cash flows is often used by analysts to gauge financial performance. Companies with ample cash on hand are able to invest the cash back into the business in order to generate more cash and profit.
A trading strategy used in energy futures to establish a refining margin. By simultaneously purchasing crude oil futures and selling petroleum product futures, a trader is attempting to establish an artificial position in the refinement of oil, created through a spread.
A limited purpose company created to work in tandem with insurance companies. Reinsurance sidecars will purchase a portion or all of an insurance policy from an insurance company to share in the profits and risks. If the underwritten policies have low claim rates while in possession of the sidecar, the investors will make higher returns. Sidecars are used as a way to increase the original underwriter's business while reducing liabilities. The reinsuring company sometimes sets up a type of insurance investment vehicle, called sidecars, for investors who lack underwriting experience. The investors' funds are used by the reinsuring company to underwrite a portion or all of an existing policy from a separate company for a percentage of the premiums.
A ratio that measures a company's ability to acquire long term assets using free cash flow. The cash flow to capital expenditures (CF to CAPEX) ratio will often fluctuate as businesses go through cycles of large and small capital expenditures.CF to CAPEX is calculated as: |||As the CF to CAPEX ratio increases, it is usually a positive sign. If a company has the financial ability to invest in itself through capital expenditures (CAPEX), then it is thought that the company will grow.It is important to note that this is an industry specific ratio, and should only be compared to a ratio derived from another company that has similar CAPEX requirements.
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