A company's highly anticipated initial public offering (IPO) that becomes a blockbuster with investors. The Death Star IPO is a reference to the DS-1 Orbital Battle Station, also more popularly know as the "Death Star," from the movie "Star Wars." This planetary weapon had the ability to destroy entire planets with a single beam, resulting in a massive explosion. In the stock market, stocks that have the ability to explode out of the gate are usually highly anticipated tech stocks, although stocks from other sectors can also fit the bill. Taobiz explains Death Star IPO Broadly speaking, to be considered a Death Star IPO, the IPO would have to be a multi-billion dollar offering that is also in very high demand with investors. Some examples of Death Star IPOs include Google's IPO in 2004 and Yahoo! in 1996. Both IPOs were highly anticipated events and both stocks exploded on stock markets once the shares became publicly available.
一般来说，当美元呈一路上扬的“牛”势时，其中任何指标在公布时只要稍好一些，都会被外汇市场用来作为抛外汇买美元的理由，使美元进一步上扬，而指标为负数时，外汇市场有时就对其采取视而不见的态度。同样，当美元呈一路下泻的“熊”势时，任何公布的经济指标为负数时，都会成为外汇市场进一步抛美元的理由。 美国、德国等每月公布的批发价、零售价指数的变化情况对外汇市场也有影响，但影响的大小要看特定的条件。一般来说，当市场对某国中央银行存在着减息或加息的期待时，其每月公布的物价指数对外汇市场的敏感性就很强。例如，1992年11月，澳大利亚的澳元对美元的汇率已创近几年的最低点，外汇市场许多人认为澳元已接近谷底，有可能开始反弹了。但市场上也有人根据澳大利亚经济前景暗淡的预测，传言澳大利亚中央银行可能会采取减息的刺激经济措施。这时，澳大利亚政府公布的10月份批发物价上涨率仅为0.1%，为近10多年来的最低水平，外汇市场仿佛找到了其减息期待的依据，当天就出现抛澳元风，使澳元在低谷徘徊。 除了经济统计数据之外，其他关于经济活动的报道也会对外汇市场产生很大的影响。外汇价格的变动在很大程度上是外汇市场上的人对外汇波动的期待的反映，换言之，如果人们期待外汇有某一个长期的均衡价格，那么，现货价格的波动就会朝这个价格的方向移动。而这种期待是主观性的东西，它必然会受到客观经济环境的影响。因此，在连续几天没有关于经济活动数据分布的情况下，有关国家货币当局官员的讲话、《华尔街日报》关于外汇市场的有影响力的一篇文章、某研究机构或大企业关于外汇走势的研究报告等，都可能会在某一天造成外汇市场的剧烈波动。这种现象对那些身处外汇市场以外的人来说，似乎很难理解，为什么一个官员的讲话会使美元猛跌或猛涨2至3美分(即200至300点)？如果把人们主观期待的因素考虑在内，这种现象就不难解释了。一个官员的讲话中一篇关于外汇的重要文章仅仅是提供了某种信号，给人们的合理预期起了催化剂的作用，最后导致外汇市场的波动。而波动幅度的大小，就由这些信号在合理预期中的催化剂作用大小来决定。 如果市场不认为它是信号，则这种讲话再多，外汇市场的人也会充耳不闻。较典型的例子是英镑在1992年年底的跌势。自1992年9月欧洲货币体系危机以后，外汇市场出现了猛抛英镑风，其原因在于英国经济前景暗淡、英国经济政策不明朗、英国减息期待等多种因素，为了稳定英镑的汇率，英国财政大臣拉蒙特多次发表讲话，表示要稳定英镑汇率，甚至可能以加息来提高英镑的汇价。但每次都只能给英镑的汇率以微弱而短暂的支持，在英镑稍有回弹后，外汇市场就有更多的人抛英镑。
什么是云计算 云计算（cloud computing，台湾译作云端运算），是分布式计算技术的一种，其最基本的概念，是透过网络将庞大的计算处理程序自动分拆成无数个较小的子程序，再交由多部服务器所组成的庞大系统经搜寻、计算分析之后将处理结果回传给用户。透过这项技术，网络服务提供者可以在数秒之内，达成处理数以千万计甚至亿计的信息，达到和“超级计算机”同样强大效能的网络服务。 云计算是一种资源交付和使用模式，指通过网络获得应用所需的资源（硬件、平台、软件）。提供资源的网络被称为“云”。“云”中的资源在使用者看来是可以无限扩展的，并且可以随时获取。这种特性经常被比喻为像水电一样使用硬件资源，按需购买和使用。（Cloud computing is a resource delivery and usage model, it means get resource (Hardware, software)via network. The network of providing resource is called ‘Cloud’. The hardware resource in the ‘Cloud’ seems scalable infinitely and can be used whenever.） 最简单的云计算技术在网络服务中已经随处可见，例如搜寻引擎、网络信箱等，使用者只要输入简单指令即能得到大量信息。 未来如手机、GPS等行动装置都可以透过云计算技术，发展出更多的应用服务。 进一步的云计算不仅只做资料搜寻、分析的功能，更可计算一些像是分析DNA结构、基因图谱定序、解析癌症细胞等。 稍早之前的大规模分布式计算技术即为“云计算”的概念起源。 Google目前的云技术，主要由MapReduce、GFS及BigTable三项所组成云在计算机中的含义 云是指因特网，因过去一直将因特网画成一朵云。云计算的组件 云端储存 云端储存（cloud storage）是一种将数据保存在虚拟服务器上的数据类型，通常意义上，数据存储在第三方媒介，而非特定单一服务器上。云计算的推广与发展 2007年10月，Google与IBM开始在美国大学校园，包括卡内基美隆大学、麻省理工学院、史丹佛大学、加州大学柏克莱分校及马里兰大学等，推广云计算的计划，这项计划希望能降低分布式计算技术在学术研究方面的成本，并为这些大学提供相关的软硬件设备及技术支援（包括数百台个人计算机及BladeCenter与System x服务器，这些计算平台将提供1600个处理器，支援包括Linux、Xen、Hadoop等开放源代码平台）。而学生则可以透过网络开发各项以大规模计算为基础的研究计划。 2008年1月30日，Google宣布在台湾启动“云计算学术计划”，将与台湾大学、台湾交通大学等学校合作，将这种先进的大规模、快速计算技术推广到校园。 2008年8月3日，美国专利商标局(以下简称“SPTO”)网站信息显示，戴尔正在申请“云计算”(Cloud Computing)商标，此举旨在加强对这一未来可能重塑技术架构的术语的控制权。戴尔在申请文件中称，云计算是“在数据中心和巨型规模的计算环境中，为他人提供计算机硬件定制制造”。。">编辑] 云计算与IT技术 云计算是随着处理器技术、虚拟化技术、分布式存储技术、宽带互联网技术和自动化管理技术的发展而产生的. 这种大规模的计算能力通常是由分布式的大规模集群和服务器虚拟化软件搭建。(Cloud computing and technology:New advances in processors, virtualization technology, distributed storage, broadband Internet access , automated management and fast, inexpensive servers have all combined to make cloud computing a compelling paradigm.This vast process power is usually got with a distributed, large-scale server cluster and server virtualization software.)">编辑] 云计算使用模式 传统的计算模式下，单台台式机的资源用来完成任务。在客户服务器模式下，服务器用来执行任务。在云计算模式下，网络超级计算机—“云”用来执行任务。用户能在任何时间任何地点通过互联网获取计算、存储、网络资源，并且能够按照处理器利用率、存储使用量、带宽消耗付费。(Cloud computing usage model:In traditional computing model, tasks are completed using a single desktop computer. In the client/serer model, tasks are completed using a remote server. In cloud computing model, tasks are completed using ‘Cloud’-a network super computer.Cloud computing allows users and companies to pay for and use the services and storage that they need, when they need them and, as wireless broadband connection options grow, where they need them. Customers can be billed based upon server utlilization, processing power used or bandwidth consumed.)">编辑] 云计算的影响 云计算有可能颠覆软件产业，应用和许可被随时购买和生效，应用在网络上而不是本机上运行。这种转变将数据中心放在网络的核心位置，而所有的应用所需要的计算能力、存储、带宽、电力都由数据中心提供。云计算不仅影响商业模式，还影响开发、部署、运行、交付应用的方式。(Cloud computing impact:As a result, cloud computing has the potential to upend the software industry entirely, as applications are purchased, licensed and run over the network instead of a user's desktop. This shift will put data centers and their administrators at the center of the distributed network, as processing power, electricity, bandwidth and storage are all managed remotely. It affects not only business models, but the underlying architecture of how we develop, deploy, run and deliver applications.)">编辑] 云计算对服务提供商意味着什么快速部署(Fast Provision)缩小主机规模(Reduce servers scale)提高资源利用率(Increase resource utilization rate)提高管理效率(Improve management efficiency)降低运维成本(Lower maintenance cost)基础设施可以放置在低土地和能源成本的地区(Location of infrastructure in areas with lower costs of real estate and electricity)提供商业连续性服务(Provide business continuity service)提高管理效率(Improve management efficiency)提高服务水平(Improve service levels)复杂的体系结构(Complex architecture)商业模式和理念的转变(Change of business model and faith)">编辑] 云计算对于用户意味着什么用户端负载降低(Lower client workload)降低总体拥有成本(Lower Total Cost Ownership)可能将应用的开发与基础设施维护相对分离(Separation of infrastructure maintenance duties from domain-specific application development)可能将程序代码与物理资源分离(Separation of application code from physical resources)不需要为一次性任务或罕见的负载状况准备大量设备(Not have to purchase assets for one-time or infrequent intensive computing tasks)按需扩展资源(Expand resource on-demand)使应用具有高可用性(Make the application have high availability)快速部署应用(Quickly deploy application)按使用付费(Pay per use)">编辑] 云计算基础设施基本特征自愈合(Self-healing)多用户使用(Multi-tenancy)虚拟化(Virtualized)线形扩展(Linearly ScalableLinearly Scalable)资源监控和测量(Resource Monitor and measure)资源注册和发现(Resource registration and discovery)">编辑] 云计算的关联概念 云计算正成为行业中的热点概念。它和下面的词汇产生了或多或少的关连：网格计算，效用计算，虚拟化，服务器集群，主机租用，主机托管。云计算平台普遍用到了虚拟化技术，并且基于一个集群来构建，和网格计算和效用计算以及SaaS有着天然的联系，而且被用在IDC行业与主机租用和主机托管业务竞争。(Cloud computing’s brother buzzwords:Cloud computing is becoming one of the next industry buzz words. And it has more or less relation with these words: grid computing, utility computing, virtualization, server cluster, Dedicated server, Colocation. Cloud computing infrastructure usually use virtualization technology, and is built based on a server cluster, have nature relation to grid computing and utility computing, and is use to compete with Dedicated server and Colocation.) 云计算异军突起 相对与云计算的兄弟概念而言，云计算只是刚刚兴起。从Google Trend 获取的信息我们可以看到，云计算在2007年末才被该系统统计，并且一直处于上升趋势。而同时，网格计算、效用计算、分布式计算的概念却呈现下降趋势。云计算和虚拟化应该会在托管平台上有所作为，而主机租用已经呈现下降趋势。(Cloud computing break out:Compared to its brother buzzwords, cloud computing is just beginning. Trends in usage of the terms from Google searches shows Cloud Computing is a relatively new term introduced in the past year. There has also been a decline in general interest of Grid, Utility and Distributed computing. Cloud Computing and Virtualization are the next hot hosting platforms; the Dedicated server term is slowly starting to lose ground vs. Virtualization and Cloud Computing.) 云计算和效用计算的比较 效用计算是一种提供计算资源的商业模式，用户从计算资源供应商获取和使用计算资源并基于实际使用的资源付费。简单说，是一种基于资源使用量的付费模式。效用计算主要给用户带来经济效益。企业数据中心的资源利用率普遍在20%左右，这主要是因为超额部署—购买比平均所需资源更多的硬件一边处理峰值负载，可预计到的或不可预计的。效用计算则允许用户只为他们所需要用到并且已经用到的那部分资源付费。（Utility computing is a business model of providing computing resource， user get and use the computing resource from service provider and pay for practically used resource. To say it simply, it is a price model based on resource usage quantity. The main benefit of utility computing is better economics. Corporate data centers are notoriously underutilized, with resources such as servers often idle 85 percent of the time. This is due to overprovisioning — buying more hardware than is needed on average in order to handle peaks (such as the opening of the Wall Street trading day or the holiday shopping season), to handle expected future loads and to prepare for unanticipated surges in demand. Utility computing allows companies to only pay for the computing resources they need, when they need them.） 效用计算是是一种分发应用所需资源的计费模式。 云计算是一种计算模式， 代表了在某种程度上共享资源进行设计、开发、部署、运行应用，以及资源的可扩展收缩和对应用连续性的支持。效用计算通常需要云计算基础设施支持，但并不是一定需要。同样，在云计算之上可以提供效用计算，也可以不采用效用计算。（Comparison of Utility Computing and Cloud Computing：Utility computing is a business model, it is a type of price model to deliver application infrastructure resource. Cloud computing is a computing model, relates to the way we design, build, deploy and run applications that operate in a sharing resources and boasting the ability to dynamically grow, shrink and self-heal. Utility computing is often need a cloud computing infrastructure, but not must need. Sameness, above the cloud computing, we can adopt utility computing, and, we can adopt other price model.） 分布式计算 分布式计算是指在一个松散或严格约束条件下使用一个硬件和软件系统处理任务，这个系统包含多个处理器单元或存储单元，多个并发的过程，多个程序。一个程序被分成多个部分，同时在通过网络连接起来的计算机上运行。分布式计算类似于并行计算，但并行计算通常用于指一个程序的多个部分同时运行于某台计算机上的多个处理器上。所以，分布式计算通常必须处理异构环境、多样化的网络连接、不可预知的网络或计算机错误。(Distributed Computing:Distributed computing deals with hardware and software systems containing more than one processing element or storage element, concurrent processes, or multiple programs, running under a loosely or tightly controlled regime.In distributed computing， a program is split up into parts that run simultaneously on multiple computers communicating over a network. Distributed computing is a form of parallel computing, but parallel computing is most commonly used to describe program parts running simultaneously on multiple processors in the same computer. Both types of processing require dividing a program into parts that can run simultaneously, but distributed programs often must deal with heterogeneous environments, network links of varying latencies, and unpredictable failures in the network or the computers.) 云计算与网格计算的不同点 网格计算是指分布式计算中两类比较广泛使用的子类型。一类是，在分布式的计算资源支持下作为服务被提供的在线计算或存储。另一类是，一个松散连接的计算机网络构成的一个虚拟超级计算机，可以用来执行大规模任务。该技术通常被用来通过志愿者计算解决计算敏感型的科研、数学、学术问题，也被商业公司用来进行电子商务和网络服务所需的后台数据处理、经济预测、地震分析等。(Grid computing:Grid computing is a term for either of two broad subcategories of distributed computing: 1 online computation or storage offered as a service supported by a pool of distributed computing resources, also known as utility computing, on-demand computing, or cloud computing. Data grids provide controlled sharing and management of large amounts of distributed data, often used in combination with computational grids. 2 The creation of a "virtual supercomputer" composed of a network of loosely-coupled computers, acting in concert to perform very large tasks. This technology has been applied to computationally-intensive scientific, mathematical, and academic problems through volunteer computing, and it is used in commercial enterprises for such diverse applications as drug discovery, economic forecasting, seismic analysis, and back-office data processing in support of e-commerce and web services. 网格计算强调资源共享，任何人都可以做为请求者使用其它节点的资源，任何人都需要贡献一定资源给其他节点。网格计算强调将工作量转移到远程的可用计算资源上。云计算强调专有，任何人都可以获取自己的专有资源，并且这些资源是由少数团体提供的，使用者不需要贡献自己的资源。在云计算中，计算资源被转换形式去适应工作负载，它支持网格类型应用，也支持非网格环境，比如运行传统或Web2.0应用的三层网络架构。 网格计算侧重并行的计算集中性需求，并且难以自动扩展。云计算侧重事务性应用，大量的单独的请求，可以实现自动或半自动的扩展。(Grid computing emphasizes on resource sharing, every grid node can apply for resource from other nodes, and every node should contribute resource to the grid. The focus of grid computing is on the ability of moving a workload to the location of theneeded computing resources, which are mostly remote and are readily available for use.Grids also require applications to conform to the grid software interfaces.Cloud computing emphasize on proprietary, every user out of the cloud can get it’s own private resource from the cloud, and the cloud resource are provided by the specific service provider, the user need not contribute its resource. In a cloud environment, computing resouces, such as servers, can be dynamically shaped or carved out from its underlying hardware infrastructure and made available to a workload. In addition, while a cloud does support grid, a cloud can also support nongrid environments,such as a three-tier Web architecture running traditional or Web 2.0 applications.Grid computing emphasizes on computing sensitive task, and is difficult to automated scale. Cloud computing emphasizes on transactional application, a great amount of separate request, and can scale automatically or semiautomatically.) 服务器集群 服务器集群是指将一组服务器关联起来，使它们在外界从很多方面看起来如同一台服务器。集群内的服务器之间通常通过局域网连接，通常用来改善性能和可用性，但一般而言比具有同等性能功能和可用性的单台主机具有更低的成本。(Computer cluster:A computer cluster is a group of coupled computers that work together closely so that in many respects they can be viewed as though they are a single computer. The components of a cluster are commonly, but not always, connected to each other through fast local area networks. Clusters are usually deployed to improve performance and/or availability over that provided by a single computer, while typically being much more cost-effective than single computers of comparable speed or availability.) 网格通常更加松散连接、异构、地理位置分散，主机之间信任度更低。(Grids tend to be more loosely coupled, heterogeneous, and geographically dispersed, grid computers do not fully trust each other.) 虚拟化 虚拟化指对计算资源进行抽象的一个广义概念。虚拟化对上层应用或用户隐藏了计算资源的底层属性。它既包括使单个的资源（比如一个服务器，一个操作系统，一个应用程序，一个存储设备）划分成多个虚拟资源，也包括将多个资源（比如存储设备或服务器）整合成一个虚拟资源。虚拟化技术是指实现虚拟化的具体的技术性手段和方法的集合性概念。虚拟化技术根据对象可以分成存储虚拟化、计算虚拟化、网络虚拟化等。计算虚拟化可以分为操作系统级虚拟化，应用程序级，和虚拟机管理器。虚拟机管理器分为宿主虚拟机和客户虚拟机。(Virtualization:Virtualization is a broad term that refers to the abstraction of computer resources. Virtualization hides the physical characteristics of computing resources from their users, be they applications, or end users. This includes making a single physical resource (such as a server, an operating system, an application, or storage device) appear to function as multiple virtual resources; it can also include making multiple physical resources (such as storage devices or servers) appear as a single virtual resource. Virtualization technology is a aggregative term of technical means and methods to implement virtualization. It can be divided to many types based on objects: storage virtualization, computing virtualization, network virtualization. Computing virtualization include：OS level virtualization, application level virtualization, hyper visor. Hypervisor include: host vm and guest vm.)">编辑] 云计算存在的难题连续高可用性(Continuous high availability)某个集群的失效处理一致性(Consistency)不同集群的同步互操作性和标准化(Interoperability and standarlization)在萌芽和成长期，各厂商都试图建立自己的接口API所有构件的扩展(Scalability of all components)信息保密(Data secrecy)跨地区存储和数据传输可能会引发法律和政治问题(Legal and political problem of data store and translation across regions)性能问题(Performance issue)差异化定制问题(Difficulty customizing)组织障碍(Organizational obstacle)">编辑] 云计算架构 云计算平台一般分为以下几层：物理设施，虚拟化，管理，服务提供。物理设施被虚拟化，提供一个灵活的资源池体提高资源利用率。管理层负责物理资源和虚拟资源池的管理、部署、监控、报警等。服务提供层组合管理层的功能提供某种形式的服务。(he physical hardware layer is virtualized to provide a flexible adaptive platform to improve resource utilization. The keys to new enterprise data center infrastructure services are the next two layers, the virtualization environment and management layer. The combination of these two layers ensure that resources in a data center are efficiently managed and can be provisioned, deployed, and configured rapidly.)">编辑] 10个使用云计算服务的企业 1. The NY Times(Amazon EC2) 2. Nasdaq(Amazon S3) 3. Major League baseball(Joyent) 4. ESPN(Rightscale using Amazon EC2) 5. Hasbro(Amazon EC2) 6. British Telecom(3Tera) 7. Taylor Woodrow(Google Apps) 8. CSS(Amazon EC2) 9. Activision(Amazon EC2) 10. Business Objects (A SAP Company)(Rightscale using Amazon EC2)">编辑] 云计算市场划分和参与者 云计算技术和方案提供者: 3Tera - AppLogic grid OS used as cloud computing platform by service providers and enterprises Appistry - Cloud computing middleware - Enables easily scalable cloud computing in the enterprise. Cassatt - Cassatt Active Response platform enables administrators to set policies to power physical and virtual servers safely on and off and pool their computing resources. CloudScale Networks - Cloud enabler. Currently in private ALPHA only CloudHan - Cloud tech and infrastructure consultant, in China. Enomaly Inc - Service Provider & Cloud Enabler - Developer of the Enomalism Elastic Computing Platform & Elastic Drive Q-layer - provides software for data centers that enables cloud computing, support VSAN, VLAN, VPDC, currently support VMware ESX. Skytap - IaaS service optimized for QA, Training, Demo, and Ops Testing. Supports VMware, Xen hypervisors & Windows, Linux & Solaris OS guests. 云计算基础设施层服务: Agathon Group - Cloud provider. Services include highly available VPS, virtual private datacenters and ready-to-use LAMP stacks. Self-service ordering. Custom development and managed services available. Amazon Web Services - Amazon EC2/S3 (Hardware-a-a-S & Cloud Storage) CohesiveFT - CohesiveFT Elastic Server On-Demand ElasticHosts - UK-based instant, on-demand servers in the cloud Flexiscale - Another instant provisioner of web servers with some advanced features like auto-scaling coming soon. GoGrid - instant, on-demand servers offering "control in the cloud". Deploy Windows/Linux servers via web-interface in minutes GridLayer - Cloud Provider. A service by Layered Technologies that delivers Virtual Private Datacenters and virtual private servers from grids of commodity servers LayeredTechnologies - Cloud Provider. provider of on-demand hosting and cloud and utility computing solutions through its brand GridLayer Mosso - Rackspace's cloud hosting service Newservers - Instant provisioning of web servers either Windows or Linux 云计算平台层服务: Bungee Connect - Provides end to end tools and systems required to develop, deploy and host web applications (Platform as a Service) Coherence - Oracle Coherence Data Grid for EC2 and other cloud platforms Force.com - Salesforce.com's application development platform (PaaS) GigaSpaces - middleware for the cloud, "cloudware" Google AppEngine - (PaaS)Now support python Heroku - Ruby on Rails in their Cloud Qrimp - An AJAX based PaaS RightScale - RightScale provides a platform and expertise that enable companies to create scalable web applications running on Amazon’s Web Services that are reliable, easy to manage, and cost less 基于云计算的服务（Saas，云存储）: CAM Solutions - SaaS Provider. Cloud Event Management, Autonomics and Monitoring-as-a-Service(TM) CloudStatus- CloudEnabler. Real-time performance trending of cloud infrastructure (currently AWS). Kaavo's IMOD is an easy to use online application. Cloud Computing Made Easy. Microsoft Mesh Nasstar - SaaS provider. Business grade Hosted Desktop service, UK market leaders. Nirvanix - Cloud Storage TrustSaaS - uptime monitoring and alerting service ('SaaS Weather Report') for Software as a Service (SaaS) run by an independent third party.">编辑] 云计算开源项目 Enomalism, convirt, redhat genome, hyperVM, lxlabs, LN, OpenNEbula, reservoir-fp7, scalr,eucalyptus,ganeti,gplhost，ovirt。 Useful open source projects to build cloud platform: Kenso, hyperic, virt-P2V。">编辑] 使用云计算服务的风险优先访问权风险(Privileged user access.)管理权限风险(Regulatory compliance.)数据处所风险(Data location.)数据隔离风险(Data segregation.)数据恢复风险(Recovery.)调查支持风险(Investigative support.)长期发展风险(Long-term viability.)">编辑] 云计算12层模型 下面是Dell描述的云计算模型： 解释： 这是一个明显学术化的模型图，就像ISO七层网络模型，永远只有参考意义。 相比而言，下面这个示意图更具有表现力： 下面是DELL描述的一个数据中心 事实上，这个数据中心和传统的数据中心看起来没有很大的不同，云计算的含义是不能通过一个数据中心示意图来表达的。">编辑] 云计算市场 市场分为如下几个层次：Cloud ComputingPlatform as a Service (PaaS)Software as a Service (SaaS)Core Cloud Services 解释如下：Infrastructure: the core computing resources and network fabric for the cloud deploymentPlatform: the software infrastructure that allows sys admins and developers to deploy an app to the cloudCore Services: additional services that can be woven into the cloud app, such as billing, storage, integrationApplications: the ultimate cloud product - the actual cloud based application that the user touches. These number in the thousands. 市场视图 下面是市场参与者列表：Public CloudAmazon EC2ServePath GoGridRackspace Mosso CloudJoyent AcceleratorsAppNexusFlexiscaleElasticHosts Private CloudEucalyptusCassatt Active ResponseEnomaly Enomalism PlatformGridGlobus ToolkitBeowulfSun Project Caroline Open Cloud PlatformsHerokuMorph LabsAptana CloudStudio Custom Cloud PlatformsSalesforce.com force.comGoogle App EngineBungee Labs ConnectIntuit QuickbaseLongJumpCoghead Cloud Platform ToolsFabric MgmtRightscaleScalrElastra Cloud Server3Tera AppLogicKaavo IMOD Data GridsOracle CoherenceIBM eXtreme ScaleGigaSpaces Data GridGemstone Gemfire Virtual AppliancesrPathCohesiveFT Hyperic CloudStatusHadoop StorageAmazon S3Amazon SimpleDBMicrosoft SSDSRackspace Mosso CloudFSGoogle BigTable IntegrationBungee Labs ConnectBoomiMuleSource Mule onDemandAmazon SQSMicrosoft BizTalk ServicesOpSource ConnectSnapLogic SaaS Solution PacksgnipCastIronAppirioSkemmaAppian Anywhere Value-AddBillingOpSource BillingAriaeVaptZuoraVindicia SecurityPing IdentityOpenID/OAuth Strikeiron ApplicationsSalesforce.comNetsuiteTaleoOracle onDemandConcurGoogle Apps 参考文献↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 刘黎明.云计算↑ What is cloud computing↑ 张德厚．《与学界合作 Google推广“云运算技术”》，中广新闻网，2008年1月30日．于2008年2月1日查阅↑ 新浪科技．《戴尔在美申请“云计算”商标》，新浪科技，2008年8月3日．↑ http://gigaom.com/2008/02/28/how-cloud-utility-computing-are-different/↑ Cloud vs. Utility Computing↑ how cloud utility computing are different↑ Distinguishing Cloud Computing from Utility Computing↑ What is Cloud Computing?↑ Wikipedia:Distributed computing↑ [Different Flavors of Utility Computing (GRID vs. Cloud))↑ Cloud Computing vs Grid Computing↑ groups.google.com:Cloud Computing↑ IBM:From Cloud Computing to the New Enterprise Data Center↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 wikipedia:Virtualization↑ 刘黎明.云计算12层模型↑ 刘黎明.云计算市场↑ Visual Map of the Cloud Computing
二十国集团简介 20国集团 (Group 20) 由8国集团、欧盟以及一些亚洲、非洲、拉丁美洲、大洋洲国家财政部长和中央银行行长参加的20国集团创始会议1999年12月16日在德国柏林正式举行，是一个国际经济合作论坛，属于布雷顿森林体系框架内非正式对话的一种机制。按照惯例，国际货币基金组织与世界银行列席该组织的会议。20国集团的GDP总量约占世界的85％，人口约40亿。 会议主要讨论正式建立20国集团会议机制，以及如何避免经济危机的爆发等问题。与会代表不仅将就各国如何制止经济危机进行讨论，也将就国际社会如何在防止经济危机方面发挥作用等问题交换意见。 20国集团历史 20国集团建立最初由美国等七个工业化国家的财政部长于1999年6月在德国科隆提出的，目的是防止类似亚洲金融风暴的重演，让有关国家就国际经济、货币政策举行非正式对话，以利于国际金融和货币体系的稳定。 20国集团的成员 二十国集团地图，蓝色：十九个成员国；浅蓝色：欧盟（也是成员之一） 20国集团的成员包括：8国集团成员国美国、日本、德国、法国、英国、意大利、加拿大、俄罗斯，作为一个实体的欧盟以及具有广泛代表性的发展中国家中国、阿根廷、澳大利亚、巴西、印度、印度尼西亚、墨西哥、沙特阿拉伯、南非、韩国和土耳其。这些国家的国民生产总值约占全世界的85％，人口则将近世界总人口的2/3。创立20国集团的建议是美国等西方7个工业化国家的财长们1999年6月在德国科隆提出的，目的是让有关国际经济,货币政策举行非正式对话，以利于国际金融和货币体系的稳定。20国集团是布雷顿森林体系框架内非正式对话的一种机制，旨在推动国际金融体制改革，为有关实质问题的讨论和协商奠定广泛基础，以寻求合作并促进世界经济的稳定和持续增长。 20国集团相关的领导人会议 20国集团自成立至今，其主要活动为“财政部长及中央银行行长会议”，每年举行一次。1999年12月15日至16日，第1次会议暨成立大会，地点德国柏林；2000年10月24日至25日，第2次会议，加拿大蒙特利尔；2001年11月16日至18日，第3次会议，加拿大渥太华；2002年11月22日至23日，第4次会议，印度新德里；2003年10月26日至27日，第5次会议，墨西哥莫雷利亚市；2004年11月20日至21日，第6次会议，德国柏林；2005年10月15日至16日，第7次会议，中国北京，主题是“加强全球合作，实现世界经济平衡有序发展”；2006年11月18日至19日，第8次会议，澳大利亚墨尔本；2007年11月17日至18日，第9次会议，南非开普敦；2008年11月8日至9日，第10次会议，巴西圣保罗。2008年11月15日,在美国首都华盛顿举行二十国集团领导人金融市场和世界经济峰会(G-20 Leaders Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy) 2009年,英国伦敦 2010年,肯尼亚内罗毕 2011年,新西兰 2012年,英国 2013年,印度尼西亚巴厘岛 2014年,沙特阿拉伯吉达 参考文献 ↑ 巴西总统希望20国集团圣保罗会议有助于解决金融危机↑ The G-20 Leaders Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy from the G-20 Information Centre at the University of Toronto外部链接20国集团(G-20)官方网站多伦多大学的20国集团信息中心相关条目5国集团7国集团8国集团10国集团
A ticket that records all the terms, conditions and basic information of a trade agreement. A deal ticket is created after the transaction of shares, futures contracts or other derivatives. Also referred to as a "trading ticket". Taobiz explains Deal Ticket A deal ticket is similar to a trading receipt. It tracks the price, volume, names and dates of a transaction, along with all other important information. Companies use deal tickets as part of an internal control system, allowing them organized access to the transaction history. Deal tickets can kept be in either electronic or physical form.
1973年以后国际货币体系中实行的浮动汇率制并不是一种彻底浮动汇率制，而是一种所谓肮脏的浮动汇率制，其原因是工业国家中央银行对外汇市场的经常性干预。政府制定的货币政策和财政政策每天都影响着外汇市场的价格波动。工业国家的中央银行对外汇市场不但会透过制定货币政策和财政政策进行间接性的干预，还经常在外汇市场异常剧烈的波动时，直接干预外汇市场。这种政府对外汇市场的直接干预也是影响外汇市场短期走势的重要因素。
什么是买卖式担保 所谓买卖式担保又称“卖与担保”、“买卖的担保”或“卖渡抵当”，在日本称“卖渡担保”，是指以买卖方式移转标的物的所有权，而以价金名义通融金钱，并约定日后得将该标的物买回的制度。这有点类似我国典权制度，所不同的是，典权移转的是标的物的使用收益权，而买卖式担保移转的是标的物之所有权。 买卖式担保的方式 买卖式担保方式有二：保留解除权的买卖；附停止条件的再买卖。 1、保留解除权的买卖 保留解除权的买卖，即出买人财产所有权转移于买受人，依价金的支付而受信用的授予，同时保留返还价金解除买卖的权利，而买受人无请求价金返还的权利。 例如甲需一笔款，将一幅画卖与乙，乙支付价金与甲，同时双方约定，甲保留返还价金而解除买卖取回画的权利。甲返还价金，乙即应将画返还甲。乙不享有退还画请求返还价金的债权。甲在约定的期间不偿还价金，即丧失解除权。保留解除权的买卖与借贷不同。在保留解除权的买卖中，价金的返还非出卖人的义务，而为其行使买卖解除权的条件，买受人不享有请求返还价金的债权。在金钱借贷中，还钱是借款人的义务，必须履行，贷款人享有请求还贷的债权。 2、附停止条件的再买卖 附停止条件的再买卖，通称买回买卖，这种买卖附有停止条件，一旦条件成就，出卖人即可行使买回权，以受领人的价金或约定的价金，买回买卖标的。例如，甲将房屋卖给乙，双方约定，乙若再卖时，甲享有买回的权利。
A slang term for money invested in a security with minor hopes of appreciation or earning a return. The stock may also be referred as dead money by analysts, as a warning to investors who might purchase the shares. Taobiz explains Dead Money Funds that are not earning interest or income are known as dead money. Some investors will hold a stock despite recent price drops, hoping that it will turn around and earn back some of the lost value. However, if the investment is dead money, the likelihood of a turnaround is low, and investors should consider selling the shares before incurring additional losses.
登录
工商服务
危机公关
金融律师
app开发
财税服务
金融牌照
网站建设
知识产权
企业征信
审计评估