An asset that becomes illiquid when its secondary market disappears. Toxic assets cannot be sold, as they are often guaranteed to lose money. The term "toxic asset" was coined in the financial crisis of 2008/09, in regards to mortgage-backed securities, collateralized debt obligations and credit default swaps, all of which could not be sold after they exposed their holders to massive losses. |||A toxic asset can be best described through an example:If John Doe buys a house and takes out a $400,000 mortgage loan with a 5% interest rate through Bank A, the bank now holds an asset - a mortgage-backed security. Bank A is now entitled to sell the asset to another party (Bank B). Bank B, now the owner of an income-producing asset, is entitled to the 5% mortgage interest paid by John. As long as house prices go up and John continues to pay his mortgage, the asset is a good one.If, however, John defaults on his mortgage, the owner of the mortgage (whether Bank A or Bank B) will no longer receive the payments to which it is entitled. Normally, the house would then be sold, but if the house price has declined in value, only a portion of the money can be regained. As a result, the securities based on this mortgage become unsellable, as no other party would pay for an asset that is guaranteed to lose money.In this example, the mortgage-backed security becomes a toxic asset.
简介财务管理名词。 释义债券的票面利率是指债券发行者预计向投资者支付的利息占票面金额的比率。
什么是劳资共决制 劳资共决制是通过“伙伴式”的对话关系解决彼此之间的利益对立,协调彼此之间的权利和义务。 劳资共决制主要是德国工人民主参与企业管理的一个重要特色,并取得明显的成效,在其他西方发达国家也很有影响。 德国的企业共决制产生于第二次世界大战后。战后初期,德国许多工厂的资本家因为同希特勒法西斯政权有牵连而逃走或被关进集中营,工会把工人组织起来恢复和管理经济,在德国重建中发挥了重要作用。 劳资共决制的操作规程 主要操作规程是: 1、企业成立由工人代表参加的监事会,且监事会中工人代表的名额要与资方代表对等,监事会对有关争议问题的决议必须以2/3通过方为有效。 2、在监事会外,还有工人代表参加的管理协商会议,可对有关争议问题进行协商,形成强有力的决议和结论。通过这两种组织,工人可以就与资方争议的问题充分发表自己的意见。 3、对有关争议问题的解决,与资方形成共同决定或决议。
A mutual fund or exchange-traded fund that seeks to replicate a broad bond index by owning many securities across a range of maturities, from both public and private sectors. The most common index used as a benchmark is the Lehman Aggregate Bond Index, which captures Treasury bonds, corporate bonds, municipal bonds and high-grade mortgage-backed securities. Total bond funds may invest in bonds of a similar maturity, class and rating to replicate an issue that is not available for purchase by the fund. These restrictions exist because of the diversity and relative illiquidity of the bond markets compared to equities markets. It is important for a total bond fund to have a similar interest rate and maturity to the base index. |||Total bond fund portfolios actually have a bit more freedom in their security selection than a total stock fund does. Because individual bond issues have less liquidity than stocks, some funds have to bypass certain issues that are in the benchmark index while choosing other bonds that aren’t in the index. Many total bond funds have a small allocation, around 20% of assets, from which bonds can be chosen at the discretion of the managers and held in assets outside the Lehman Index, such as international bonds, derivatives and lower-rated corporate paper. This allows fund managers a chance to invest in some non-correlated assets while keeping the overall risk profile of the fund within the same range as the Lehman Index. The most important risk metrics to keep close to the index are the maturity, or more specifically the weighted average maturity, as well as the duration, or sensitivity to changes in interest rates.
什么是加权调和平均数指数 加权调和平均数指数是以报告期总量为权数对个体质量指标指数进行加权调和平均,据此计算的加权平均数指数等于质量指标综合指数。 加权调和平均数指数的编制 加权调和平均数指数= 上式中,K表示质量指标个体指数,表示报告期的某个总量指标。也就是说,要编制加权调和平均数指数,一要掌握质量指标个体指数,二要掌握报告期总量。 当已知质量指标的个体指数kp,或报告期与基期的个体价格指标p1、p0及报告期的总量指标(产值或销售额)p1q1为权数时,即可分别计算数量指标的总指数及质量指标的总指数 。即: = 质量指标综合指数 :加权调和平均数指数,Kp个体物价指数,∵∴ 由上式可知,在一定条件下,加权调和平均指数是派氏综合指数的变形,而只有用qlpl这个权数进行加权,加权调和平均指数才有可能变形为综合指数;否则,假若要用q1p1以外的其他任何权数进行加权,这种变形关系就不复存在。 在用派氏综合指数公式计算商品价格指数时,必须具备报告期与基期的销售量、价格以及报告期plql及p0q1的销售额资料。但在实践当中,按基期价格计算的报告期假定销售额p0q1资料不易取得。而报告期销售额p1q1是现实可以取得的资料,因此加权调和平均指数适合于质量指标平均指数的计算。
债券票面价值是指债券的币种和票面金额,代表发行人在到期日必须支付的金额。一般币种的选择要依据债券发行主体的实际需要和债券的发行对象而定。若发行主体需要筹集人民币资金,且发行对象是境内投资者,则以人民币作为债券的计量单位;若发行主体需要筹集某种非人民币资金,而发行对象是境外投资者,则可以改后壁作为债券价值的计量单位。债券的票面金额会对债券的发行成本、发行数额和持有者的分布产生影响,一般来说如果债券票面金额较小,会有利于小额投资者购买,但可能会加大发行工作量,并因之增加发行成本;反之,如果债券票面金额较大,会有利于大额投资者购买减轻发行工作量,降低发行费用,但可能会使发行量减少。
萨卡加维亚(Sacagawea, Sakakawea, Sacajawea, Sacajewea;) (c. 1787年 – 1812年12月20日或1884年4月9日) 肖肖尼族印第安人(Shoshone Indian)妇女,曾背负幼儿,随刘易斯与克拉克远征队跋涉蛮荒,进行考察。生平简介 萨卡加维亚萨卡加维亚,被誉为“鸟般的妇人”的美国历史上西部拓荒时期的传奇式女性。1787年生于今美国爱达荷州的肖肖尼印第安部落,是一个酋长的女儿。通晓数种印第安方言。1800年,12岁的她被附近的敌对部落希达察族人捕获,与另一名同被捕获的女孩被圈养在该部落的村子里。两年后又一起被卖给法裔加拿大捕猎者和皮货商图桑特·夏博诺为妻,之后住在西部的曼丹堡领地附近(今达科他州境内)。 1803年,美国从法国手中买下密西西比河以西大片土地,但当时美国从未有人跨越过这一神秘区域。1804年5月14日,由美国探险家威廉·克拉克和梅里韦瑟·刘易斯和乔治·罗杰斯·克拉克率领的一支45人的队伍,从密苏里州的圣路易斯出发,进入该地区为政府进行探路式考察。夏博诺受雇担任这支远征队的翻译,16岁的萨卡加维亚亦背着刚出生不久的儿子让·巴蒂斯特随同大队西行。他们乘船溯密苏里河而上,进入落基山脉,然后开始步行。到11月时,他们到达了现北达科他州靠近加拿大边界的地方,在那里搭起帐篷过冬。此间,在她与丈夫的帮助下,探险队与当地印第安人建立了友谊。 1805年8月,远征队在抵达今蒙大拿州的阿姆斯特德附近时,与萨卡加维亚大哥卡米亚韦特率领的肖肖尼莱姆哈伊部落族人相遇。双方剑拔弩张,情况十分恶劣。然而当她一出现,情况即发生逆转,兄妹的相认使局面一下变得融洽起来,不但避免了一场血战,而且还促成了远征队购买马匹和雇用向导的谈判顺利解决,使已陷入绝境的远征队重逢生路。其他印第安人部落对这支队伍的猜疑和戒备也因远征队中有一妇女及婴儿而得到缓解。 萨卡加维亚在长达近3年的考察期间,萨卡加维亚随考察队跋涉蛮荒,历数千里,到过达曼丹林区,北达科他州的俾斯麦,跨越康特嫩特尔分界线,乘独木舟沿哥伦比亚河顺流而下,最后到达帕西菲克海岸的俄勒冈州的阿斯托里亚附近。并最终于1805年11月7日顺利找到了通向太平洋的道路,绘制了新地图。1806年9月,一行人安然返回了圣路易斯。之后,他们夫妇也在此住了一段时间才离开。 由于萨卡加维亚在考察期间不避艰险的顽强毅力颇富传奇色彩,故在美国各地为她树碑立像也多于其他任何一位北美妇女,她背婴回眸的肖像更上了2000年发行的1美金纪念金币上。然而,要把她的生平史实从大量的民间传说中筛选出来却是一个使史学家们感到棘手的难题。有传闻她后来回到达科他的领地隐居,1812年12月12日死于一种全身腐烂的瘟疫(麻风),年仅25岁。但当地一位1884年4月9日去世的90多岁老妇曾称自己就是萨卡加维亚。
A type of municipal bond used to build a public project such as a bridge, tunnel or expressway. The principal and interest repayments are supplied by revenues from tolls paid by users of the public project in question. |||The main reason municipalities use these revenue bonds is because the bonds allow them to avoid reaching legislated debt limits.