A Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Statement that requires all publicly-traded companies in the U.S. to classify their assets based on the certainty with which fair values can be calculated. This statement created three asset categories: Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3. Level 1 assets are the easiest to value accurately based on standard market-based prices and Level 3 are the most difficult. FASB 157 was passed to help investors and regulators understand how accurate a given company's asset estimates truly were. Many firms (including some of the largest in terms of assets) had to write down billions of dollars in hard-to-value Level 3 assets following the subprime meltdown and related credit crisis, which began in late 2006. By making companies report to investors the breakdown of assets, they allow investors to potentially see what percentage of the balance sheet could be open to revaluation or susceptible to sudden write-downs.
A liquidity metric that looks at a company's ability to support short-term expenditures. Degree of relative liquidity is determined by looking at the total percentage of cash that a company has available on hand. The cash must be earned through regular operations and be able to be spent on expenditures and short-term debt obligations through a specific period. Companies that possess a higher degree of relative liquidity will probably have less difficulty in retrieving funds for payment purposes. |||As with all liquidity metrics, indications that a company is barely able to make short-term payments can be a sign that the company could be facing more serious financial issues in the long term. Financial distress as a result of inability to make debt payments could lead to bankruptcy.
什么是股价波动 股价波动是指股票价格的变化形态,其表现为大趋势中有相反的小趋势运动的波动状态。股价波动状态中主要有三种趋势：上涨趋势波动、下跌趋势波动和无趋势波动。 目录 1 股价波动的因素 2 参考文献 股价波动的因素 股价波动的主要原因是股票的供求关系的变化。使股票的供求关系发生变化的因素，主要来自于以下几个方面： 1、政治性因素 政治性因素是指足以影响股价变动的国内外政治活动以及政府对股市发展的政策、措施、法令等的制定和变化。 1）战争。战争对股市的影响是巨大的。战争对股价的影响，要视战争的性质.结果以及对世界或局部地区的经济影响而定。战争的胜负也会影响投资者的信心，从而导致股价的上升或下降，使整个股市发生震荡。 2）政权。政局是否稳定.政权的转移或过渡.领袖的更替.政府的行为以及社会的安定性等，都会影响到社会公众的投资信心。投资者信心如何，是决定股价的一个重要因素。 3）政府的政策。政府的社会经济发展规划，经济政策特别是财政政策.货币政策.产业发展政策.贸易政策以及股市发展政策的制订和变化，都会影响股价的变动。一些股市发展法令及管理条例的颁发，也会影响到股价的变动。 2、经济性因素 1）经济增长与经济景气循环。国民收人的增长反映了一国在一定时期内经济发展和增长的综合水平。预计国民收人是增长还是下降，以及国民收人的增长速度，是影响股价上升或下降的一个重要因素，而经济的景气循环又影响到股价的周期波动。 2）物价。物价与股价之间没有直接的联系。一般来说，物价上涨，会使股价具有上升趋势。这是因为在通货膨胀期间，由于银行存款利率往往低于通货膨胀率，对于手持现金的投资者而言，存款无异于货币贬值，这样必然将储蓄转而投向其他能保值增值的对象。所以购买股票的投资者会相应地增加。尽管如此，物价的上升与股价的上升之间的关系并不十分明显。在通货膨胀期间，有的上市公司利润会增长，但一些受通货膨胀影响严重的上市公司，由于成本上升幅度过大而影响利润，使其利润下降或者产生亏损，其股价就会下降；另外，在通货膨胀期间，政府会采取提高利率，开办保值贴补率等方法，鼓励储蓄，从而会影响股价的上升。这样，使得物价的上涨，在短期内对股价的影响不明显。但是，不管怎样，物价的上涨，会使得股价呈现上升趋势。 3、财政金融性因素 1）利率。利率的高低与股价具有密切的关系。一般来说，利率上升，股价下降，利率下降，股价上升。利率与股价之间具有反比关系。 2）汇率。如果汇率上升，即本国货币升值，这不利于出口，而有利于进口。由于增加了出口的难度，所以对于出口导向型企业是不利的，这些公司的股价将会下降。如果汇率下降，即本国货币贬值，这不利于进口，而有利于出口，另外也有利于吸引国外的投资，有利于本国经济发展，从而导致股价上涨。但是，如果汇率大起大落，大幅波动，则不利于经济的发展，对股市的健康发展也会有不利的影响。 3）信用。当信用扩张时，银根松动，货币供给量增加，市场上游资充足，大量的闲散资金把股市作为投资或投机的目标，使得股市投机繁荣，股价亦不断上升。而当信用收缩时，银根抽紧，货币供给量减少，许多公司为筹集资金，卖出股票，换成现金，这会使股市资金不断退出，从而导致股价不断下降。 4）税收。政府对公司征税，对股票交易征税，会影响股票投资者买卖股票的意愿，从而影响股票的价格。当政府对上市公司加税时，上市公司的所缴税金增加，利润减少；政府对股票交易征税时，使投资者投资股票的所得减少，从而影响投资者对股票的投资的意愿，这样，股价就会下跌；反之，股价就会上升。 4、公司性因素 公司经营状况的好坏与股价成正比。主要分析公司股票除权除息，公司增资.减资等对股价产生的影响。公司性因素只影响到单个公司的股价变动。 1）除权除息。上市公司在以现金方式分红派息或以红股方式派息以后，股价容易产生波动。上市公司除权除息以后，股价相对较低，容易刺激投资者购买；同时，除权除息的缺口也加大了股票价格的涨升空间，容易诱使市场投机者拉抬股价。 2）增资配股。上市公司因业务需要会发行新股以增加资本额。新股发行后，上市公司的股本数增加，从而使每股股票的净值下降，因而会导致股价下跌。但对于一些业绩优良.财务状况良好的上市公司的绩优股而言，增资以后股价不仅不会下降，反而会上涨，因为上市公司增资以后将增强公司的经营能力和获利能力，从而会使股东获取更多的投资收益。 3）减资。当公司宣布减资，即减少资本时，上市公司的资本总额也将随着减少，这主要是公司出于经营发展的战略需要，或由于公司经营不善.连年亏损，上市公司需要重新整顿。公司减资会使股价大幅波动。 4）拆股。上市公司为了使股票更具有吸引力，常把面额较大的股票拆细，变成面额较小的股票。拆股并不影响到上市公司的资本额，只是增加了股本总额，但股票的每股面值拆细了。拆股以后，使得每股股票所代表的每股净产值也减少，从而使股价下跌，有利于投资者认购，对于一些绩优股和成长股而言，拆股以后更有利于股价上涨。 5、市场性因素 1）技术力量。在股票市场上，技术力量是由投机性买卖活动而引起的。在股市中买卖股票的投机者，对于股价的未来走势，不是看涨，就是看跌，这看涨看跌自然形成买和卖两股相反的力量。当人们普遍看涨时，则买进的力量强大，股价便上升，股市为多头市场。当人们普遍看跌时，则卖出的力量强大，股价便下跌，股市为空头市场。而当看涨和看跌的力量均等时，即买进和卖出力量处于势均力敌时，股价便会盘整，股市为牛皮盘整行情。 2）人为操纵。在股票市场上，人为操纵股价是很难加以避兔和杜绝的一种股票投机行为。在我国股票市场上，由于股票市场发展不成熟，上市公司股票较少，交易量较小，而且法律和法规不健全，监管机关力量薄弱，因而短期投机操作.操纵行为很明显，股价由于投机者的人为操纵会产生强烈的震荡。 参考文献 ↑ 马守荣,李正辉,高雪亭.宏观经济变量变化对深市股价波动的影响.统计与决策,2007年11期
A baseball reference applied to businesses that train employees only to have them leave for competing firms. A farm team typically has non-ideal practices that cause high employee turnover - often to bigger and more prestigious companies. Like sport farm teams, these companies fully train the employees only to have them leave to work for another company. Being a farm team for your competitors will often, over time, lead to the destruction of the business.
The founder of The Vanguard Group, and a major figure in the index investing community. John Bogle was the first person to offer an index fund to retail customers. Bogle's flagship Vanguard 500 Fund became the world’s largest mutual fund by assets in 2002. Bogle is an author which has long been a proponent of passive investing over active management, and for low fees and no sales charges. John Bogle is considered the Godfather of Index investing, believing that the average investor cannot "beat the market" over time, and shouldn’t pay (or at least overpay) for anyone else to try. His Vanguard funds are renowned for their ultra-low expense ratios, and for having no loads. The Vanguard 500 Fund carries a total expense ratio of less than 0.5% of assets annually, and has outperformed the majority of mutual funds over the past 25 years.
An all-electronic equity derivatives exchange launched on February 6, 2004, as a joint effort by the Montreal Exchange, Boston Stock Exchange and Interactive Brokers Group to provide an alternative to existing options markets. Technical operations of the Boston Options Exchange (BOX) are handled by the Montreal Exchange. The BOX was the first options exchange to offer price improvement to traders through a process called PIP, which stands for Price Improvement Period. Although all investors can be "PIPed," the investor must have a broker that is willing and able to offer a facilitation trade – a trade where the broker guarantees the first penny of price improvement. Because not all brokers offer this to their clients, some investors do not have access to the price improvement offered on the BOX.
A cash-settled, cross-currency derivative in which the underlying asset is denominated in a currency other than the currency in which the option is settled. Quantos are settled at a fixed rate of exchange, providing investors with shelter from exchange-rate risk. At the time of expiration, the option's value is calculated in the amount of foreign currency and then converted at a fixed rate into the domestic currency. |||The CME Nikkei 225 is an example of a quanto. It is a futures contract for which the underlying asset - in this case, the Nikkei 225 Stock Average Index - is settled in U.S. dollars, as opposed to Japanese yen. Investors use quantos when they believe that a security will do well in another country but fear that country's currency will not. Thus, investors buy an option in the foreign stock while keeping the payout in their home currency.
The term fake claims refers to insurance claims that are made fraudulently. These claims are made in an attempt for the policy holder to benefit financially from making claims that are false or exaggerated. While such practices are a fairly common occurrence, they are highly illegal. Fake claims are often exaggerations of valid claims to an insurance policy. For example, a homeowner insurance policy holder may have been the victim of a breaking and entering where items were stolen. The number (and value) of the stolen items may be exaggerated on the claims report, indicating that more items were stolen than really were. This exaggeration could lead to the homeowner receiving a larger claim settlement than that to which he or she is truly entitled. Large claims are often investigate to mitigate such problems.
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