Forbes is an American media and publishing company headed by former Republican candidate Steve Forbes. Perhaps best known for Forbes Magazine, the financial media giant holds ownership positions in Realclearmarkets.com, Realclearsports.com and Realclearpolitics.com. Forbes provides daily new coverage on business, technology, financial markets, personal finance, sports and a wide array of other topics. Forbes is also widely known for its lists of billionaires, world's richest people, world's leading companies and the richest celebrities, among others. Forbes was founded in 1917.
A share class of a mutual fund that does not require its investors to pay fees (such as front-end loads). Owning shares in a load-waived fund is a benefit to investors because it allows them to retain all of their investment's return instead of losing a portion of it to fees. In most cases, mutual fund companies will limit the number of load-waived funds available to only certain investors. For example, the purchase of load-waived funds is sometimes restricted to those involved in defined contribution retirement plans and also for investors that invest a substantial amount in the mutual fund company's funds (such as institutional investors). These special mutual fund shares commonly have an "LW" at the end of the fund's name and ticker in order to differentiate them.
Market currency rates from a specific point in time that are used as a base value by currency traders to assess whether a profit or a loss has been realized for the day. In most cases, the revaluation rate is the closing rate for the previous trading day. |||For example, in order to assess how much profit a currency trader made today, he or she would use yesterday's closing rate (today's revaluation rate) of 1.15 USD/CAD as a baseline for comparing today's closing rate of 1.145 USD/CAD. If the trader shorts the U.S. dollar in early trading and then buys it back at the end of the day, he or she will make $0.005 for every U.S. dollar traded.
An annual ranking list of the top 500 U.S. companies. The list is determined by five different categories where U.S. companies are ranked based on the largest number of sales, profits, assets, employees and market value. This Forbes list was replaced in 2003 by the Forbes Global 2000. This list was a good way to determine the aggregate influence of the largest U.S. companies. The new list, the Forbes Global 2000, is determined based on a similar premise but takes international firms into consideration as well.
A business venture designed to let investors participate directly in the cash flow and tax benefits of the underlying investment. DPPs are generally passive investments that invest in real estate or energy-related ventures. Also known as a "direct participation plan". |||DPPs are usually organized as a limited partnership, a subchapter S corporation or a general partnership. Although they have been generally used as tax shelters, tax legislation has severely curtailed their tax benefits.
什么是背书连续 背书连续是指在票据转让过程中,转让汇票的背书人与受让汇票的被背书人在汇票上的签章依次前后衔接。即第一次背书转让的背书人是票据上记载的收款人,前次背书转让的被背书人是后一次背书转证的背书人,依次前后衔接,最后一次背书转让的被背书人是票据的最后持票人。 目录 1背书连续的涵义 2背书连续性的认定规则 3背书连续性的效力 4背书连续性的作用 背书连续的涵义 背书连续的涵义有多种界定,一些学者的研究认为,背书连续仅以形式上连续有效的背书存在为前提,至于实质上该背书是否有效,再所不问。但是,也有研究表明,不仅形式上,而且实质上也连续的背书,才能被认为是真正连续的有效背书。应当说,因为存在所谓的背书连续,所以各背书在形式上必须是有效的。如果某一背书因为形式上的欠缺而无效,则按照票据文义性的理解,此时票据背书便不再具有连续性。因此,对各个背书只要求其形式上有效,而不要求其在实质上一定有效。例如,盗取票据的人伪造背书使其在形式上完备,那么也应认为该票据背书的连续性;在依代理方式而背书的情况下,无论代理人是否存在代理权,都不影响背书的连续。所以,在判断是否存在背书连续上,应该仅依票据上的记载进行纯粹形式上的判断,而不能依据票据上表现不出来的事实进行判断。 背书连续性的认定规则 票据背书是否连续,一般来说,可从以下三个方面加以认定: 1.各背书形式上均为有效。 所谓形式上有效的背书,是指背书应具备票据法所规定的必要形式,主要是针对背书人的签章而言。如背书人的签章不符合法定要求,或者背书人根本就没有签章,则背书因形式不具备而无效。 2.背书的记载顺序具有连续性。 具有连续性,是指前一背书的被背书人是后一背书的背书人。如在第一次背书中,背书人为A,被背书人为B;在第二次背书中,背书人为B,被背书人为C;在第三次背书中,背书人为C,被背书人为D。此时,D作为最后持票人,该票据的背书即属连续。但是,如果第一次背书中,背书人为A,被背书人为B,而在第二次背书中,背书人为C,被背书人为D,则第一次背书与第二次背书发生中断,背书即属不连续。 3.连续的背书须具有同一性。 所谓同一性,是指后一背书的背书人的表示与前一背书的被背书人的表示在形式上须属同一人。这种形式上的同一性,依一般的社会观念认定即可。如果他们实质上为同一人,但在票据上的表示不能认为系同一人时,应属欠缺背书的连续。如前一背书的被背书人记载为“甲公司”,后一背书中的背书人则记载为“甲股份有限公司”,尽管他们为同一公司,但这种表示上的不一致,依社会的一般观念不能认定是同一公司时,背书不连续。若依社会的一般观念能认定为同一公司时,背书则具有连续性。 背书连续性的效力 背书连续性的效力,包括对持票人的效力和对付款人的效力两个方面。 1.对持票人而言,背书连续产生权利证明的效力。即持票人所持票据上的背书如具有连续性,就可凭此票据行使票据权利,无需再举证证明自己是真正的权利人。票据权利属于具有很强流通性的权利,正常情况下,一张票据要在许多人中间辗转流通,除授受票据的直接当事人之间发生某种原因关系外,票据上的其他当事人之间并无原因关系,甚至互不相识。这时,如要求持票人证明所有转让都是合法有效是不可能的。于是票据法作了不同于民法的规定,只要持票人能通过票据上的背书记载证明他与其前手的关系以及历次背书之间具有连续性,就不再要求他对其权利的取得作实质性的证明,也不要求他对其前手的权利取得作任何证明。 但是,依我国《票据法》第10条、第12条的规定,如果持票人确实不享有票据权利,比如其取得票据时未支付对价,或依不合法的手段取得票据,或取得票据时主观上对票据上存在的问题或前手在票据权利上的瑕疵有恶意或者有重大过失等,在这些情况下,即使票据上的背书具有连续性,持票人也不享有票据权利。 2.对付款人而言,由于其付款时负有审查背书是否连续的义务,因此,对于经审查符合形式要求票据进行付款的,为票据法所规定的有效支付,付款人可因此获得免责,即使此时背书实质上不连续,付款人也不承担责任。但是,如果付款人或其代理付款人付款时没有履行形式审查的义务,其付款时明知或可得知持票人不是真正的权利人而付款,即付款人存在恶意或者重大过失的,则应自行承担责任。对此,我国《支付结算办法》第17条作了详尽的规定:“银行以善意且符合规定和正常操作程序审查,对伪造、变造的票据和结算凭证上的签章以及需要交验个人有效身份证件,未发现异常而支付金额的,对出票人或付款人不再承担受委托付款的责任,对持票人或收款人不再承担付款的责任”。这就是票据法上的“付款人的善意支付”,善意支付的构成要件须付款人付款时无恶意或者重大过失。依我国最高人民法院《关于审理票据纠纷案件若干问题的规定》第69条的规定:“付款人或者代理付款人未能识别出伪造、变造的票据或者身份证件而错误付款,属于票据法第57条规定的‘重大过失’,给持票人造成损失的,应当依法承担民事责任。”该规定对票据法中的“重大过失”作出了非常严格的解释,即付款人只要有未能识别出伪造、变造的票据的结果存在,就应自行承担责任,而不论其在审查过程中是否已尽善良管理人的注意义务。这种立法意图在于通过以加重付款人责任的方式来维护票据的信用和加强对票据权利人的保护,以督促付款人改进技术设备、加强责任感和金融风险防范意识。 背书连续性的作用 背书连续性的作用主要体现在: 1.易于行使权利。 在民法上,债权人想要行使其对债务人的权利时,该债权人必须证明对方是债务人以及对其拥有债权。在票据关系中权利的行使也是如此,票据持有人必须证明对方为票据债务人以及持票人对该债务享有票据上的权利。证明前者为债务人是对票据债务人在票据上所为的票据行为进行的事实证明,依据债务人在票据上的签名来实现。与此相对,对自己为债权人的证明,在通常情况下,因为票据是辗转流通的证券,因此票据持有人必须证明票据权利从最初的权利人直到自己的这种权利移转过程。但是对持票人来说,证明这种权利移转过程是非常不容易的。基于此,票据法为了克服这种权利行使上的困难,认可了连续背书的票据持有人推定权利的效力,使持票人易于行使其权利。也就是说,只要持票人证明其“持票”的事实和“背书连续的事实”就可以被推定为法律上理所当然的权利人,即使不证明上述权利的移转过程及移转的有效性也可以行使票据上的权利。 2.易于实现善意取得。 背书的这种资格授予作用使得票据取得人易于通过善意取得获得票据权利。也就是说,因为推定背书连续的票据持票人为票据上正当的权利人,所以因背书受让人相信背书连续的票据持有人是权利人,相信背书连续的票据持有人拥有票据权利,并且没有恶意和重大过失,那么背书人是无权利人,受让人也可以取得该项权利。 3.易于完成支付。 背书的这种资格授予的作用,还有利于票据的支付。即,因为推定背书连续的票据持票人为票据权利人,因此债务人相信背书连续的票据持票人为票据上正当的权利人并履行票据义务,如果上述信任中没有恶意或重大过失,那么即使接受人是无权利人,也要承认支付的效力,支付人可以免除对实际被支付人的支付义务。
A exchange rule whereby the official bidding price for a cash commodity is competitively established at the end of each trading day and held until the opening of the exchange the following trading day. The call rule attempts to reduce overnight volatility by ensuring commodity prices begin trading near the previous day's closing bid.
A load-adjusted return is how much of a return an investor actually sees, after investment fees charged to buy and sell shares of mutual funds are subtracted from investment returns. If an investor puts $6,000 into a no-load mutual fund and earns a 10% return the first year, he has earned $600 if he decides to cash out. But if the mutual fund charges a 1% front-end load to buy shares, the investor would lose $60 when he purchased, leaving $5,940 to invest. The same 10% return would then earn him only $594. Loads, or fees charged by some mutual funds for buying and selling shares, are like all other investment fees in that they have a significant impact on an investor's returns, especially over the long run. For this reason, many investors advocate sticking to mutual funds that have no loads, no 12b-1 fees and very low expense ratios.