什么是诉讼 “诉讼”一词,在外国有多种词语表达方式,如拉丁文的processus,英文的process、procedure、proceedings、suit、lawsuit,德文的prozess等,其最初的含义是发展和向前推进的意思,用在法律上,也就是指一个案件的发展过程。 目录 1 现代意义上的诉讼 现代意义上的诉讼 现代意义上的诉讼,作为一种解决社会系统中利益冲突的机制和一种专门法律活动,其主要特征有以下四点: (1)诉讼是一种有效的“公力救济”方式 在社会系统中,不同社会主体(两方或两方以上)之间因利益冲突而引起的争议和纠纷可能以多种方式解决: ①自行解决与和解。这是最常见的方式,就被损害权益的恢复和补偿而言,这是不动用公共权力的“私力救济”。 ②调解与仲裁。这是在上述方式力所不能及时可能采用的方式。其特点在于参与解决社会系统主体间利益冲突的第三方或新的一方的出现。该第三方或新的一方出现的目的,在于劝导发生利益冲突的各方消除对抗,提出争议权益的处置和补偿办法,或对其做出裁决。但调解的基础是争议各方的自由意志,仲裁通常也是以争议各方事前约定为前提。 ③诉讼。它意味着对国家意志及法律权威的接受与服从。显然,以诉讼这种强制性、权威性的手段实施“公力救济”,一方面是由于私力救济的力所不及,另一方面也是由于维护统治秩序的需要。因为社会冲突的适当解决不仅关系个体权益,而且关系统治秩序和社会系统的整体利益,因此必须由社会控制系统或国家介入,以社会控制系统或国家强制力进行处置。公共权力的使用以及对诉讼结果的确认,往往使诉讼成为一种合法的、最有效的、从而也是最终的冲突解决手段。 (2)诉讼是一套法定的程序 在这个意义上说,诉讼法也就是程序法。诉讼的一个基本特点是其规范性,这种规范性表现在: ① 诉讼请求必须符合法律规范。不仅诉讼请求的根据必须在法律上是存在的,而且诉讼请求本身(如赔偿损失、没收财产、判处徒刑等)也是法律上所允许的。 ② 诉讼还必须按照法律预先确立的具体程序进行。不仅是当事人,即便是法官也不能随心所欲、恣意妄为。 ③ 诉讼裁决的根据还必须是法律规范,任何与立法相抵触的情理或道德规范不能作为解决冲突的根据。这种法律规范性,正是诉讼作为社会系统中利益冲突的重要解决方式所具有的完美形象和能够被当事人及社会所接受和认可的基本根据之一。 (3)诉讼是一个运作过程 诉讼既是法治系统的一种结构形式,又是这一系统的运作过程。这个过程包括提起诉讼、法院的审理和裁决、执行等。而对这一过程的推进,又是通过调查与辩论,对事实问题与法律问题的争议、对抗、妥协与裁决等多种法定的动态流程来实现的。构成要素的复杂性、程序化处理方式以及时间上的延续性,使得诉讼具有一定的运作成本。而这种诉讼运作的成本和诉讼裁决的权威性,使一项特定的诉讼虽然是一个过程,但却不能反复运作。 (4)诉讼基本上是一种三元结构系统 诉讼法上通常所说的“三方组合”实际上就是三元结构系统典型的“三元结构(Triad Structure)”模式为:原、被告在法律上处于平等的地位,而法官居于其间作为权威的仲裁者解决原、被告之间的争议和冲突。然而,在实际运行过程中,这种诉讼结构为适应社会冲突和诉讼争议的实际状况可能发生一些变形。如在中国的刑事公诉案件中,被害人也是诉讼当事人,他与检察机关各自站在不同的立场同时充当控诉者。而在民事案件中,各国大都将有独立利益的其他人列为诉讼的第三人,在这样的情况下,实际的争议者就不限于原、被告两方。当然,不管怎样变化,三元结构仍然是诉讼系统中的基本结构模式,在诉讼关系和诉讼系统的运行方式中起主导作用。
An option strategy that involves writing the same number of puts and calls with the same expiration and strike price on a stock owned by the investor. A covered straddle is a bullish strategy. The covered straddle strategy is not a fully "covered" one, since only the call option position is covered. The put write position is "naked", or uncovered, which means that if assigned, it would require the option writer to buy the stock at the strike price. While gains with the covered straddle strategy are limited, large losses can result if the underlying stock tumbles to levels well below the strike price at option expiration. If the stock does not move between the date that the positions are entered and expiration, the investor collects the premiums and realizes a small gain.
A term used in foreign-currency trading. "Spot next" denotes the delivery of purchased currency on a day after the spot date. Spot-next contracts come in many lengths, such as spot one week, which implies delivery of the currency one week following the trade date. |||The price for spot-next deliveries is adjusted for the extra time period. For example, a currency that is bought on Tuesday will settle on Friday; therefore, the price of the trade is determined on Friday.
The Expedited Funds Availability Act (EFAA) was implemented to regulate the hold periods on deposits made to commercial banks. Enacted by U.S. Congress in 1987, the EFAA also standardized financial institutions' use of the deposit holds. The EFAA specifies the types of holds that banks can utilize on a check deposit, depending on the type of account and the amount of the deposit. |||The Expedited Funds Availability Act intends to standardize the handling of deposit holds. Banks and other financial institutions must inform customers of their policies regarding deposit holds, as well as any changes to the policies.
A slang term for a person who works in the investment industry and makes small amounts of money at a time on small investments, over and over again. Grinders are typically hard-working and highly respected investors who value every cent they make off of investments. Grinders who are investment advisors keep in regular contact with their clients.
授权经营制度:指国有资产出资人将由其行使的部分权利授予其所出资企业中具备条件的国有独资企业行使的制度。根据新的国有资产管理体制,国有资产监督管理机构可以授予其所出资企业行使部分出资人的权利,并明确被授权企业的条件、授权程序及相关责任等。被授权企业应当具备良好的经营状况和健全的内部管理制度并基本建立现代企业制度。被授权企业对其全资、控股、参股企业中的国有资产依法进行经营、管理和监督,并承担相应的保值增值的责任
A sentiment indicator based on the Nova and Ursa funds from the Rydex Fund Group. The Nova fund is bullish with a target beta of 1.5. Whereas, the Ursa fund is bearish with a target beta of -1.0. This ratio can be used as a proxy for the direction of market sentiment. More specifically, a high value represents a bullish sentiment and a low value represents a bearish sentiment.Calculated as: For example, A beta of 1.5 means that Nova has a target of 150% of the S&P 500 Index. Ursa's -1.0 means it has a target performance inverse to the S&P 500 Index. That is, if the S&P 500 is down 10%, Ursa should be up 10%. Rather than just measuring someone's opinion about market direction, this ratio shows where people actually are putting their money.