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拉姆塞法则

目录 1 什么是拉姆塞法则 2 拉姆塞法则的评析1 3 参考文献什么是拉姆塞法则　　1927年，弗兰克·拉姆塞开创了最优商品税领域研究的先河，得出了著名的“拉姆塞法则”。　　拉姆塞法则也叫逆弹性命题或逆弹性法则，该法则要求，对弹性相对小的商品课以相对高的税率，对弹性相对大的商品课以相对低的税率。目标是实现效率损失最小，也就是实现对消费者的消费选择的扭曲程度最小。思路是这样的：为了能使对不同商品课税的超额负担最小化，扭曲程度最低，税率的确定必须使各种商品需求量下降的百分比尽量相同，从而体现出并没有对消费者的消费选择产生扭曲。我们知道，需求弹性大的商品对于价格的反映要高于需求弹性小的商品，而征税的最直接反映就是价格上升，所以，为了使征税后各种商品需求量下降的百分比相同，税率的设计就要体现“逆弹性法则”，即：税率与需求弹性的大小成反比。1 拉姆塞法则的评析1 　　局限性：政府必须掌握完全的信息，也就是必须了解每一种商品的需求弹性如何；政府不征收其他扭曲性税收，如累进所得税；没有考虑公平问题。这些局限性每一条都很致命。特别是公平问题。需求弹性大的商品往往是奢侈品，购买奢侈品的人的负税能力往往较强，更应该缴纳更多的税收。　　所以，对拉姆塞法则进行改进（主要是加进了公平因素）：　　1、对高收入阶层偏好的商品，无论其弹性如何都征高税；对低收入阶层偏好的产品，无论其弹性如何都征低税。　　2、由于每个人的偏好都各不相同，所以设计税率应考虑每个人的特殊情况。比如，两个收入相同的人，一个比较节俭，保龄球对于他来说是比较奢侈的，他对与保龄球的需求弹性较大；另一个人比较注重享受，保龄球对于他来说就是必需品，需求弹性很小。那么，对于这两个人的保龄球消费，就应该根据“逆弹性法则”按不同的税率征税。　　这种看法有一个很大的缺陷，就是政府必须完全掌握每个人的情况，这一要求比最初的“拉姆塞法则”还有高，根本就不可能达到。参考文献 ↑ 1.0 1.1 天津财经大学财政系(课件).《财政学》M.第十章税收理论

646次 2020-08-14
Style Box

Created by Morningstar, a style box is designed to visually represent the investment characteristics of fixed-income (bond), domestic equity (stock) and international equity (stock) securities and their respective mutual funds. A style box is a valuable tool for investors to use to determine the asset allocation and risk-return structures of their portfolios and/or how a security fits into their investing criteria. There are slightly different style boxes used for equity and fixed-income funds. For stock funds (domestic and international), the horizontal axis of the style box is divided into three investment style categories: value, blend (a value/growth mix) and growth. The vertical axis is divided into three company-size (based on market-capitalization) indicators: large, medium and small.For bonds and bond funds, the horizontal axis is divided into three maturity categories: short-term, intermediate-term, and long-term. The vertical axis is divided into three credit-quality categories: high, medium and low (BB-C). Investors can use a style box to put together mutual fund portfolio and visually see the results as a total picture. For example, an investor looking for a relatively safe stock fund would seek out one categorized as a large-cap value fund. If that same investor is willing to accept more risk for the opportunity of a greater return, he/she might select a fund in the small-cap growth category. Putting dollar values on the fund selections in the same and/or differing category squares will readily reflect the risk-return parameters of the whole portfolio.

800次 2020-08-14
促进产业多元化保护理论

促进产业多元化保护理论概述　　促进产业多元化保护理论是研究贸易保护与国内产业结构变动的理论。　　这一理论认为：由于各种生产集团的利益是互相交织的，所以某一产业直接获得利益，将使其他产业也间接地获得利益。因而，一定时期的保护政策可能使一国在产业多元化上逐步形成一种均衡稳定的经济结构。鉴于多数发展中国家并没有形成国内独立的经济体系，并且明显地存在劳力、资源的大量闲置，因此一定时期采取一定程度的保护关税政策，对形成国内完整、独立的经济体系，促进发展中国家长期经济发展有重要意义。关键字促进产业多元化保护理论.

710次 2020-08-14
Home Equity Conversion Mortgage - HECM

A type of Federal Housing Administration (FHA) insured reverse mortgage. Home Equity Conversion Mortgages allow seniors to convert the equity in their home to cash. The amount that may be borrowed is based on the appraised value of the home (subject to FHA limits), and the age of the borrower (borrowers must be at least 62 years old). Money is advanced against the value of the home. Interest accrues on the outstanding loan balance, but no payments must be made until the home is sold or the borrower(s) die, at which point the mortgage must be repaid entirely. Because the home secures the mortgage, no credit check is made on the borrower. |||Privately sponsored reverse mortgages might allow for higher borrowing amounts, and have lower costs than HECMs, but HECMs typically have a lower interest rate. The economics of a HECM versus a privately sponsored reverse mortgage will depend on how long the borrower expects to live or own the home. Since the FHA insures HECM loans, the borrower will not owe more than value of the loan in the event that the loan exceeds the value of the home's equity. A home equity loan is an alternative to a reverse mortgage, however, unlike a reverse mortgage, a home equity loan will require a credit check. Additionally, a home equity loan will most likely have substantially lower costs than a HECM, but a higher interest rate.

727次 2020-08-14
贷款指标运用率

什么是贷款指标运用率　　贷款指标运用率又称贷款指标利用率，是指计划期内既定的贷款指标实际运用程度。贷款指标一经上级核定，不论已经发放出去的贷款，还是尚未动用的指标，都是处于被占用状态。提高贷款指标运用率，意味着一套资金顶几套资金使用，可以从周转中腾出一定数量的资金来，这对合理节约使用国家资金有重要意义。目录 1 贷款指标运用率的计算方法 2 贷款指标运用率分析 3 提高贷款指标运用率的途径 4 相关条目贷款指标运用率的计算方法　　贷款指标运用率的分析、考核是按照下列公式：　　贷款指标运用率＝年内贷款累计发放额／年度贷款计划指标　　贷款指标运用率越高，就可以用同等数额的贷款指标，完成更多的贷款任务，或用较少的贷款指标，完成同样多的贷款任务，达到充分利用现有的信贷资金，发挥更大的贷款效果。贷款指标运用率分析　　贷款指标运用率分析，主要是对一个基层银行贷款总的运用情况作出评价，有时还可以按行业，甚至对每一个企业的贷款指标运用率进行分析研究。贷款周转率银行在一定时期内贷款累计收回额与贷款平均余额的比率，叫做贷款周转率。严格意义上的贷款周转率，是反映银行放款给企业后，贷款经历着从货币到商品，再经过生产或流通，又以商品换回货币，归还贷款全过程的速度。贷款周转率是以周转次数或周转天数表示。其计算公式：　　贷款周转次数＝贷款累计收回额／贷款平均余额　　贷款周转天数＝贷款平均余额×计算期天数／贷款累计收回额　　贷款周转率是衡量贷款经济效果的重要指标，它能综合地反映银行信贷工作水平和企业生产经营的状况。贷款周转的次数越多，天数越少，标志着贷款发挥的作用越大，贷款的经济效果越好。相反，贷款周转次数少，天数多，则说明贷款发挥作用差，企业生产经营可能存在不正常情况或问题。提高贷款指标运用率的途径　　提高贷款指标运用率的途径在于：　　(1)合理地确定贷款指标，防止宽打窄用；　　(2)按实际需要发放贷款，贯彻信贷基本原则，坚持常收常贷。相关条目贷款指标贷款指标利用率审计

635次 2020-08-14
Level 3 Assets

Assets whose fair value cannot be determined by using observable measures, such as market prices or models. Level 3 assets are typically very illiquid, and fair values can only be calculated using estimates or risk-adjusted value ranges. In addition to Level 1 and Level 2 assets (both of which have more accurate fair values), Level 3 assets must be reported on by all publicly traded companies as of 2008. This classification system came about as a result of FASB Statement 157, which aims to bring clarity to the balance sheet assets of corporations. Even though they are hard to value, Level 3 assets are held at large investment shops and commercial banks by the billions. These assets received heavy scrutiny during the credit crunch of 2007, as many Level 3 assets consist of mortgage-backed securities (which suffered massive defaults and write-downs in value). The firms that owned them were often not adjusting asset values downward even though credit markets had dried up in the market for asset-backed securities, and all signs pointed to a decrease in fair value.

848次 2020-08-14
空头对敲

　　空头对敲是同时卖出一只股票的看涨期权和看跌期权，他们的执行价格、到期日都相同。　　该策略对于预计市场价格不发生变动的投资者非常有用。

781次 2020-08-14
Formula Method

A technique for calculating termination payments on a prematurely ended swap. Termination payments are used to compensate the party who did not cause the swap to end early for its financial loss. Because they are not very liquid, currency swaps tend to use the formula method, but it is one of the less common methods for calculating damages. Of the three official methods for calculating termination payments as established by the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, the agreement value method, which is based on the terms available for a replacement swap, is most common. The third method, the indemnification method, is not often used. A swap may be terminated early if a termination event such as an illegality, tax event, tax event upon merger or credit event occurs. An event of default, such as bankruptcy or failure to pay, can also cause early termination.

976次 2020-08-14

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