什么是国外汇入汇款 国外汇入汇款又简称汇入汇款。它是指代理行、海外联行接受客户委托,将款项汇入国内银行并指示其将该笔款项解付给收款人的结算方式,是最方便快捷的出口结算 如在汇入行开有帐户,银行将汇入的款项直接记入帐户;如果在汇入行没有开立帐户,银行将以合理的方式办理转汇。 国外汇入汇款的种类 国外汇入汇款分电汇、信汇和票汇三种。 电汇速度快;信汇费用省;票汇可以自带,具有可转让性,比较方便灵活。国外汇入汇款的核算 (1)信汇和电汇的核算。国外汇入行收到汇出行的汇款电报或信汇支付委托书正本时,应首先验押或验印,审核无误后填制汇款通知书,在收要汇款头寸后,通知收款人来行取款。 收到汇款头寸时,作会计分录如下: 借:存放国外同业 外币 贷:汇入汇款 外币 如汇款头寸尚未收到,但协议或合约规定可以提前解付时,作会计分录如下: 借:应解汇款 外币 贷:汇入汇款 外币 待接到汇款头寸时,作会计分录如下: 借:存放国外同业 外币 贷:应解汇款 外币 汇款解付时,通过外汇买卖科目办理结汇。如以人民币收入有关单位账户,作会计分录如下: 借:汇入汇款 外币 贷:外汇买卖 外币 借:外汇买卖 人民币 贷:活期存款 人民币 如收款人要求原币存储,作会计分录如下: 借:汇入汇款 外币 贷:活期外汇存款或其他科目 外币 (2)票汇的结算。办理票汇业务时,汇入行收到汇款行寄来的以我行为付款行的票汇通知书时,经核对印鉴及各项内容无误后,凭以转入“汇入汇款”账户,待传票人前来兑取。会计分录如下: 借:存放国外同业 外币 港澳及国外联行往来 外币 贷:汇入汇款 外币 当持票人持已被书的汇票来行取款时,经核对出票行印鉴、付款金额、签发日期及收款人背书等无误后,才能办理人民币结汇或支付原币。会计分录同信汇、电汇。 相关条目汇出国外汇款
什么是固定期限掉期协议 固定期限掉期协议又称恒定到期利率调期是一种掉期(利率交换)协议形式。它使得购买者能够锁定所收到现金流的久期。是一种短期浮动利率VS长期调期率的利率调期交易。短期浮动利率一般为3个月或者6个月的LIBOR,长期利率为两个期限的调期利率的差。 CMS是指某一固定年期的掉期利率,该固定年期最短为1年,最长为30年,是由ISDA(国际掉期与衍生金融产品协会)在纽约时间早上11:00根据多家国际一流银行所报的利率掉期的市场均值来制定公布,是一个基准报价。 在一般的利率掉期协议中,交易双方约定在一定时期内,在一笔象征性本金数额的基础上互相交换不同性质的利率(包括基于不同基准的浮动利率、固定利率等)款项的支付。 固定期限掉期协议的概述 固定期限掉期协议在北美市场上是一种比较流行的利率调期方式,有着比较活跃的报价。从属性上,最适合在银行间市场上交易员进行收益率曲线交易。利率由于其期限结构特性形成了收益率曲线,因此市场利率的变动除了方向上的变动,还体现为曲线的变缓或者变陡。如下图为2003年6月6日到l2月5日的美元调期率曲线的变动。方向上体现为曲线的上移,形状上体现曲线变陡。因此就曲线形状投资而言,我们可以在2003年6月6日采用收入10Y Swap Rate-2Y Swap Rate,付出3M LIBOR加上spread的方式的利率调期交易来反映我们对市场的看法。 采用固定期限掉期协议交易, 由于其本身在久期(duration)上是中立的,没有任何利率方向的风险。收益率曲线的形状主要反映的是对经济增长速度和联储政策的预期,相比利率方向上的变动,其变动率要小得多,交易的潜在风险和收益易于控制。相比于传统的收益率曲线交易工具,比如买入和卖出不同期限的国债,恒定到期利率调期交易可以回避时间上的roll down、time carry.time decay等交易的影响,也可以避免国债上回购交易和逆回购交易的烦琐。现在整个美元利率的市场情况比较适合采用恒定到期利率调期作为交易工具,一方面由于持续受2003年夏天美国财政和货币政策的刺激,经济数据持续相好,对联储加息的预期持续加大,导致曲线变陡;另一方面由于对通货紧缩和劳工市场的忧虑,联储连续强调维持低利率不变,使得曲线有变缓的趋势,整体市场并未呈现出单边方向,适合交易。我们相信,工具的简单性和当前的利率宏观环境将使得恒定到期利率交易在亚洲市场越来越活跃。 固定期限掉期协议的特点 CMS的特点是交换双方中,一方的利率会根据市场上的掉期利率(不是LIBOR)进行阶段性调整;另一方的利率则一般是LIBOR、固定利率或其他形式的有固定期限的利率。 固定期限掉期协议的目标市场 目标市场: 1.希望维持负债久期的公司或者投资者。 2.希望通过预测利率曲线的形态获利的公司或投资者。 固定期限掉期协议的优势与劣势 优势: 1.维持久期不变 2.灵活性更大,不像DIRF协议(Differential Interest Rate fix)一样,必须知道究竟何时长期债券利率和短期债券利率利差会变化才能获利。 劣势:发生损失时损失没有下限。 固定期限掉期协议实例分析 例:假设现在的利率互换市场上,六个月LIBOR是5.0%,三年期的掉期利率是6.5%,则现在六月期LIBOR和三年期掉期利率之差为150个基点(一个基点=0.01%)。若一个投资者认为六个月LIBOR和三年期掉期利率在未来两年内的平均差值将达到50个基点,那么他可以签订以下的CMS协议 收到:六个月LIBOR 付出:三年期掉期利率 - 105个基点 在每半年中, 1. 若三年期掉期利率 - 六个月LIBOR > 105 个基点, 则投资者有资金流出。 2.若三年期掉期利率 - 六个月LIBOR < 105 个基点, 则投资者有资金流入。 由于现在两者之差是150个基点,因此最初六个月投资者将支付45个基点。但是若投资者的假设正确,即未来两年内三年期掉期利率和六个月LIBOR之差的平均值的确为50个基点,那么投资者将赚取55(=105-50)个基点的利润。这份协议的优势在于三年期掉期利率和六个月LIBOR差额究竟在未来哪一天开始缩小并不重要,只要它们的差额平均值小于105个基点,投资者就能获得收益。而如果签订DIRF(Differential Interest Rate Fix),由于投资者并不确定何时利差会变小,同样不能获利。
哈萨克斯坦腾格简介 ISO 4217 Code:KZTUser(s):KazakhstanInflation :8.6%Source:The World Factbook, 2006 est.Subunit:1/100 tiyn (тиын)Symbol:〒, TPlural:The language(s) of this currency does not have a morphological plural distinction.Coins:Freq. used:5, 10, 20, 50, 100 tengeRarely used:1, 2 tengeBanknotes:200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10 000 tengeCentral bank:National Bank of KazakhstanWebsite:http://www.nationalbank.kzThe tenge (Kazakh: те?ге) is the currency of Kazakhstan. It is divided in 100 tiyn (тиын, also transliteated as tiyin or tijn). It was introduced in November 1993 to replace the Russian ruble at a rate of 1 tenge = 500 rubles. The ISO-4217 code is KZT.The word tenge in the Kazakh and most other Turkic languages means a set of scales. The origin of the word is the Chinese tengse which means balance. The Turkic languages borrowed this word through Mongolian tenkh(e). The name of this currency is thus similar to the lira, pound and peso. The name of the currency is related to the Russian word for money Russian: деньги / den’gi, which was borrowed from Turkic.HistoryKazakhstan was the one of last countries of CIS to introduce a national currency. In 1991 a "special group" of designers was created: Mendybay Alin, Timur Suleymenov, Asimsaly Duzelkhanov and Khayrulla Gabzhalilov. On November 12, 1993, a decree of the President of Kazakhstan, "about introducing national currency of Republic of Kazakhstan", was issued. On November 15, 1993, the tenge was brought into circulation. As such, November 15 is celebrated as the "Day of national currency of Republic of Kazakhstan".In 1995, a tenge printing factory was opened in Kazakhstan. The first consignment of tenge was printed abroad, in the U.K.. The first coins were minted in Germany.March 20, two days before Navruz holiday, National Bank of Kazakhstan was approved graphical symbol for tenge. It is character for "Tengri" from Old turkic script like latin "T" with bar above. While the symbol is not yet available in Unicode, the Asian postal mark 〒 (U+3012) can be used as a substitute.Coins1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 tenge coinsEnlarge1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 tenge coinsIn 1993, coins were introduced in denominations of 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 tiyn, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 tenge. 50 tenge ware introduced in 1997, followed by 100 tenge in 2002 and 2 tenge in 2005. Coins currently in circulation are: 1 tenge (Brass) 2 tenge (Brass) 5 tenge (Brass) 10 tenge (Brass) 20 tenge (Copper-Nickel) 50 tenge (Copper-Nickel) 100 tenge (Bimetallic, Brass and Copper-Nickel)Commemorative coins are issued in denominations of 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 2500, 5000 and 10000 tenge.BanknotesIn 1993, the Kazakhstan National Bank issued notes in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 tiyn, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 tenge. These were followed by 500 and 1000 tenge notes in 1994. 2000 tenge notes were introduced in 1996, with 5000 tenge in 1998 and 10,000 tenge in 2003. Notes currently in circulation are: 200 tenge portrait of Al-Farabi 500 tenge portrait of Al-Farabi, fragment of Khodzha Akhmet Yassaui mausoleum 1000 tenge portrait of Al-Farabi 2000 tenge portrait of Al-Farabi 5000 tenge portrait of Al-Farabi 10,000 tenge portrait of Al-Farabi, image of snow leopard.Interestingly, the text on the reverse side of 200 tenge banknote is written in Kazakh, although text on the reverse sides of the other banknotes is written in Russian.2006 banknotesThe National Bank of Kazakhstan issued banknotes of new series in 2006. They have the same values as the previously existed ones.The 2006 series is far more exotic than its predecessors. The obverse is vertical and the denomination is written in Kazakh. All denominations depict the Astana Baiterek monument, the flag of Kazakhstan, the Coat of arms, the handprint with a signature of president Nazarbayev and fragments of the national anthem. The main differences across each denomination are only the colours, the values, the underprint patterns.On the contrary, the reverses are more differentiated. The value is written in Russian. Each denomination shows a unique building and geography of Kazakhstan in the outline of Kazakhstan border.The first printing of the 2,000 and 5,000 tenge notes issued in 2006 had misspellings of the word for "bank" (the correct spelling "банк?" was misspelled "бан??"). The misspelling was a politically sensitive issue due to the cultural and political importance of the Kazakh language. Inflation level 哈萨克斯坦腾格样币 哈萨克斯坦腾格铸币 哈萨克斯坦腾格铸币1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 tenge coins
什么是名义有效汇率 名义有效汇率是指以一国对外贸易伙伴国与该国的贸易额在该国对外贸易总额中的比重为权数,将各贸易伙伴国的名义汇率进行加权平均而得到的汇率指数,但由于名义有效汇率没有包括国内外价格水平的变化状况因而名义有效汇率不能反映一国相对于其贸易伙伴国的竞争力 人民币名义有效汇率的波动通过改变我国贸易条件直接对我国进出口贸易产生影响,但影响的程度与幅度,取决于进出口数量对进出口价格的弹性以及进出口价值增速变化对经济增长的间接影响。人民币名义有效汇率的升值会刺激资本流入增加、加大国内货币政策的操作难度,进口价格对我国物价的影响不断提高。名义有效汇率的公式 Wi表示i国的竞争力权重,通常用本国与i国的贸易量占本国总贸易量的比例来表示,即 其中Xi 为本国对第i国的出口额,Mi为本国从第i 国的进口额。名义有效汇率的影响因素 名义有效汇率的计算方法上我们可以看出,确定名义有效汇率关键在于以下三个因素:为每个双边汇率确定权重;选择代表性的货币,将各种双边汇率转换为指数形式;相对汇率的加权。名义有效汇率的计算步骤 名义有效汇率是以贸易比重为权数的有效汇率,它所反映的是一国货币在国际贸易中的总体竞争力和总体波动程度。名义有效汇率的计算分为四个步骤:$% 选择一揽子有代表性的样本国货币;!% 根据该国与样本国的经贸联系程度计算出贸易权数;&% 计算出本币与样本国货币的双边汇率;’% 用这些贸易权数分别乘以本币与样本国货币的双边汇率,再加总得到有效汇率。在一国货币名义有效汇率的计算过程中,确定该国的主要贸易伙伴国的个数及其相应的贸易权数是一个非常重要而又繁琐的问题。
吉布提法郎简介 吉布提法郎由吉布提国家银行发行,1吉布提法郎等于100生丁(Centimes)。 占布提法郎发行于1949年3月17日,与时,规定其含金量为0.00414507克,“官方汇率为1美元兑214.392吉布提法郎。同时,吉布提退出法郎区,成为美元区国家。1971年12月29日,美元贬值后,吉布提法郎含金量未变,官方汇率调整到1美元兑197.47吉布提法郎。1973年2 月20日,美元再次贬值后,吉布提法郎的含金量仍然未变,官方汇率升值为1美元兑177.721吉布提法郎。以后,吉布提法郎实行浮动汇率。 吉布提法郎是自由兑换货币,可自由兑换成美元,对其它货币的买价和卖价由当地银行根据国际外汇市场美元对其它货币套汇率确定。 吉布提法郎币值与换算 纸币有:50、100、500、1000、5000、 10000吉布提法郎 铸币有:1、2、5、10、20、50、100、500吉布提法郎,其中100和50铸市是毛边,其余均为光边。 1DJF=100 centimes(分) 吉布提法郎样币 吉布提法郎铸币 吉布提法郎铸币
圣多美和普林西比多布拉简介 ISO 4217 Code:STDUser(s):S?o Tomé and PríncipeInflation:15%Source:The World Factbook, 2006 est.Subunit:1/100 cêntimoSymbol:DbCoins:100, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 dobrasRarely used:50 cêntimos, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 dobrasBanknotes:5000, 10 000, 20 000, 50 000 dobrasCentral bank:Banco Nacional de S?o Tomé e PríncipeWebsite:http://www.bcstp.stThe dobra is the currency of S?o Tomé and Príncipe. It is abbreviated Db and is divided into 100 cêntimos, although inflation has rendered the cêntimo obsolete. The dobra was introduced in 1977, replacing the escudo at par.CoinsIn 1977, coins were introduced for 50 cêntimos, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 dobras. Except for the brass 50 cêntimos and 1 dobra, these coins were struck in cupro-nickel, as was the 50 dobras introduced in 1990. In 1997, larger denominations were introduced of 100, 200, 500, 1000 and 2000 dobras. Of these, the 100 and 200 dobras are round, the remaining are equilaterally curved heptagonal.All circulating coins bear the country's coat of arms on the obverse, with the text "Aumentemos a Produ??o" on the reverse.BanknotesIn 1977, notes were introduced for 50, 100, 500 and 1000 dobras by the Banco Nacional de S?o Tomé e Príncipe. In 1996, 5000, 10,000, 20,000 and 50,000 dobras notes were introduced, with the lower denomination notes being replaced by coins in 1997.All notes bear the portrait of Rei Amador on the obverse. Historical exchange rates 圣多美和普林西比多布拉样币 圣多美和普林西比多布拉50,000Dobra——正反面 圣多美和普林西比多布拉铸币 圣多美和普林西比多布拉铸币
土耳其里拉简介 土耳其里拉也称镑(Pound),由土耳其共和国中央银行 (The CentraI Bank of the Republicof Turkey)发行。 土耳其史称突厥。14世纪初建立奥斯曼帝国,20世纪沦为英、法、德等国的半殖民地,1923年10月29日成立土耳其共和国。1840年土耳其帝国第一次发行了500库鲁手绘利息为12.5%的票据,同年第二次发行的面额有1000、500、250、100和50库鲁。第三次发行是1841年和 1843年。第四次是1851年发行的、利息为6%的票据,面额有10000、5000、2000、1000、250、100和50库鲁。从1840年到1861年共发行过8次。土耳其帝国银行依据1862年2月6日、1912年3月30日、1912年12月16日、1912年12月22日、1913年3 月2比1913年8月6比1913年2月4日、1914年3月28日和1915年3月28日等法令发行过钞票。如1933年,曾发行过面额为100、 50、5和1镑钞票。土耳其共和国成立后,于1926年发行过面额为1000、500、100、50、10、5和1里拉钞票。土耳其中央银行(Tukiye CumhriyetMer Bankasi)发行第一版钞是依据1930年1月30日中央银行法,于1937年至1942年发行的。面额有1000、500、100、50、10、5、2.5和1里拉和50库鲁钞票。第二版钞是1942年至1947年发行的,面额有1000、500、 100、50、10、2.5里拉;第三次发行是1947年和1948年,面值为100和10里拉;第四次是1952年至1968年,第五次发行是在 1966年和1968年;第六次发钞是1971年至1981年,面额有5000、1000、500、100、20、10和5里拉;第七次发行是1984年至1989年,面额有50000、20000、10000、5000、1000、500、100、10里拉。1991年发行了100000里拉钞票。 1947年6月3日,初次规定土耳其里拉含金量为0.317382克,同年6月19日起生效。法定汇率为 2.80里拉等于1美元,11.28里拉等于1英镑。1960年8月20日,里拉含金量减至0.0987412克,法定汇率为9里拉等于1美元, 25.20里拉等于1英镑。1970年8月9日,里拉含金量减至0.0592447克,法定汇率随之变动。1972年6月23日,英镑浮动后,土耳其里拉兑英镑汇率随时调整。1975年7月8日起,对美元贬为14.25里拉等于1美元,并实行自由浮动,但仍以美元作为干预货币,对其他主要货币,随时根据美元汇率进行调整。1986年10月31日,官方规定里拉的买卖差价为0.5%。里拉兑美元的汇率由土耳其共和国中央银行根据每日外汇市场行情确定,兑其它货币的比价则由外汇市场美元兑其它货币汇率套算确定。 2001年初土耳其央行曾计划发行新的纸币,新币的面额1土耳其里拉相当于原来的100万土耳其里拉。央行总裁森丹杰契提却表示,惟有在通货膨胀率降至一位数以下时,央行才会考虑这样做。但2001年9月以来,土耳其通货膨胀率已超过70%,因此上述想法只能作罢。 2001年11月11日土耳其中央银行宣布,市场上面额1000万的土耳其里拉钞票流通率已超过80%,央行决定在11月底之前发行面额2000万土耳其里拉的钞票,它成为全球面额最大的钞票。以汇率1美元兑160万土耳其里拉计算,2000万土耳其里拉,约合12.5美元。领取最低工资的土耳其工人,每月可领到7张2000万土耳其里拉的纸币。 据2001年金氏纪录大全记载,土耳其里拉是全世界“最不值钱的货币”,以2000年5月份世界各国的币值比较,1美元等于61万5千土耳其里拉,台币1元约等于2万土耳其里拉。 2004年10月25日土耳其中央银行首次向公众公开了于2004年12月正式发行的新货币——“新土耳其里拉”纸币。 新货币包括“1新土耳其里拉”、“2新土耳其里拉”、“5新土耳其里拉”、“10新土耳其里拉”、“20新土耳其里拉”、“50新土耳其里 拉”和“100新土耳其里拉”纸币。新币正面均印有土耳其国父穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔图尔克的肖像,背面画像各不相同,颜色也不一样。土耳其还将发行1、2、5、10、25、50小货币单位的“库鲁什”硬币。 土耳其大国民议会2004年早些时候通过了一项法案,同意财政部于2005年1月1日起开始流通“新土耳其里拉”,以取代现在的“土耳其里拉”。“1新土耳其里拉”等于现在的“100万土耳其里拉”。 而面值100的新“库鲁什”硬币相当于“1新土耳其里拉”。 根据有关规定,“新土耳其里拉”于2005年1月1日开始使用。新旧土耳其里拉过渡到2005年12月31日为止。随后,旧土耳其里拉停止使用。 土耳其里拉币值与换算 纸币有:100000、50000、20000、10000、500、1000里拉 新货币包括:1、2、5、10、20、50和“100新土耳其里拉” 铸币有:100、50、25、 20、10、5、1里拉和1、 2、5、10、25、50小货币单位的“库鲁什” 1里拉等于100库鲁(Kurus)。 1土耳其里拉 = 5.73048622 × 10-6 人民币待翻译 Old Turkish LiraUp until 2005 the Turkish currency was the Turkish lira or in Turkish; Türk liras?, it was often referred to as just lira but almost always referred to as the Turkish lira outside Turkey, to avoid confusion with the better-known former Italian lira. Prices in Turkey is old lira were usually written using the abbreviation TL, which preceded the price, The ISO 4217 code for the old Turkish lira was TRL.The gold lira was introduced in 1843, weighing 7.216 g with a fineness of 91.67%, that is, 6.6 g of gold. In a bimetallic system, it was defined as equal in value to 100 silver kuru? of 1 g of silver (1.2027 g at 83%), first minted in 1844, at a ratio of 15.09. Each kuru? was divided into 40 para. There were 5, 10, and 20 kuru? coins; the 20-kuru? coin was called a mecidiye. All coinage minted until 1922 followed these standards.Before the lira, the monetary unit used by the Ottoman Empire was first the ak?e, later to be replaced by the kuru? (piastre), with the para as a subunit (1 para being equal to 3 ak?e, thus 1 kuru? equal to 120 ak?e). Having begun as a large silver coin, by the late 1800s the kurus had shrunk to a small silver coin.The Banque Imperiale Ottomane (Imperial Ottoman Bank) first issued paper currency denominated in kuru?, with values ranging from 5 to 5000 kurus. The denomination switched from kuru? to lira in the mid 1870s. Denominations ranged from 5 kuru? to 1000 lira, with the 50,000-lira banknote specially prepared to fund the issue of small change (1- and 2?-kurus) notes.World War I saw Turkey effectively depart from the gold standard with the gold lira being worth about nine lira in paper money by the early 1920s.The Turkish Republic replaced the older imperial Ottoman paper liras with the Turkish lira being reissued as a mid size silver coin. Turkish lira notes were also introduced in denominations of 1, 2?, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 lira. Each note carried the portrait of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.After Atatürk's death in 1938, new notes were prepared with the portrait of President ?smet ?n?nü. Atatürk reappeared on a subsequent series of notes in the early 1950s.Chronic inflation from the late 1970s onward saw the Turkish lira sharply depreciate against other major currencies. The table below gives a snapshot of the decline in the value of the Turkish lira against the United States Dollar from 1933 through 2001.YEAR Turkish Lira vs. US Dollar1933 2 Turkish Lira1966 9 Turkish Lira1980 90 Turkish Lira1988 1,300 Turkish Lira1995 45,000 Turkish Lira2001 1,650,000 Turkish LiraThe Turkish lira slid in value to such an extent that one original gold lira coin could be sold for approximately 120,000,000 Turkish lira prior to the 2005 revaluation.In its last few years the Turkish lira stabilized and even rose against the U.S. dollar and the Euro. In December 2004, it traded at about 1,350,000 lira to 1 U.S. dollar, and about 1,850,000 lira per Euro. The Guinness Book of Records ranked the Turkish lira as the world's least valuable currency.New Turkish Lira "Yeni Türk Liras?"The new Turkish lira is the current currency of Turkey and of the de facto state of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Introduced on 1 January 2005, it is equivalent to 1,000,000 old Turkish lira. New banknotes were issued denominated in New Turkish Lira, the old banknotes circulated alongside the new currency for all of 2005. Old Turkish lira banknotes were legal tender until the end of 2005, and may be exchanged at the Central Bank until the end of 2015. The new Turkish lira is divided into 100 new kuru?. The ISO 4217 code for the new Turkish lira is TRY. Prices are expressed using the abbreviation YTL, which short for "Yeni Türk Liras?", Turkish for "New Turkish Lira"Banknotes are currently issued in denominations of 1 YTL, 5 YTL, 10 YTL, 20 YTL, 50 YTL and 100 YTL. The Bank of Turkey has indicated that it has plans to issue a new 200 YTL banknote, although the new denomination is not expected for a couple of years. It is also planned to drop the word "New" from the currency name in 2009.Coins currently in circulation come in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 new kuru?, and 1 YTL. The design of the 50 kuru? and 1 lira coins, much to the dismay of the European Central Bank, clearly resembles that of the one and two euro coins respectively. This has caused confusion in the euro zone. Also, it has caused trouble to businesses using vending machines, particularly at airports in the euro zone. Since numerous vending machines at the time accepted the 1 lira coin as a two euro coin, vending machines affected had to be quickly upgraded at the expense of the operators. Two euros is worth roughly four times more then a 1 lira coin. 土耳其里拉样币 Banknotes denominated in New Turkish Lira (2005 - Present)The new Turkish lira is the current currency of Turkey and of the de facto state of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Introduced on 1 January 2005, it is equivalent to 1,000,000 old Turkish lira, which remained legal tender until the end of 2005, the new Turkish lira is divided into 100 new kuru?. 土耳其里拉铸币 土耳其里拉铸币 新版2005里拉铸币
土库曼斯坦马纳特简介 ISO 4217 Code:TMMUser(s):TurkmenistanInflation:11%Source:The World Factbook, 2006 est.Subunit:1/100 tennesiSymbol:mPlural:manattennesi:tennesiCoins:500, 1000 manatBanknotes:1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10000 manatCentral bank:Central Bank of TurkmenistanThe manat is the currency unit of Turkmenistan. It was introduced on November 1, 1993, replacing the Russian ruble at a rate of one manat for 500 rubles. A Turkmenistani manat (TMM) is made up of 100 tennesi. The abbreviation m is sometimes used, e.g. 25 000 m is twenty-five thousand manat.EtymologyThe word 'manat' is borrowed from the Russian word "moneta" meaning "coin". Likewise, 'manat' was the name of the Soviet ruble in both Azeri and Turkmen.CoinsA series of tennesi coins were issued in 1993. They were 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 tennesi. Another series of 500 and 1000 manat was issued in 1999.BanknotesPresently, banknotes are issued in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000 and 10000 manat, . All notes bear a portrait of former president Saparmurat Niyazov.Black market exchangeThe Manat has a large disparity between its official and black market rates, with the latter being roughly 21% greater than the official. This results in few institutions outside Turkmen Governmental control supporting the official rate. A few multinational companies have continued to adhere to the official rate - such as British Airways - but generally only for purchases by Turkmen passport holders in the country itself. 土库曼斯坦马纳特样币 土库曼斯坦马纳特铸币 土库曼斯坦马纳特铸币