拉脱维亚拉特简介 1993以前使用拉托维亚卢布，1993年3月以后逐渐转向使用永久性的本国货币—拉特，拉特相当于200拉托维亚卢布，并开始宣告正式离开卢布区，实行新的税收政策和独立预算。此举标志着拉托维亚经济上的独立正式启动。辅币为：生丁，1拉特=100生丁。 History of the Latvian Lat Until 1991 Latvia was part of the Soviet Union, and used the Ruble. After independance, they issued their own Rubles, the value of which was pegged to the Soviet Ruble. Poor economic conditions led the Latvian Ruble to devalue considerably, until it was replaced with the Lat at a rate of 200 to 1. 拉脱维亚拉特对各国货币的汇率 Foreign currency prices last updated: Friday, 22 June, 2007 Value of 1 Latvian Lat: 拉脱维亚拉特样币 拉脱维亚拉特铸币 拉脱维亚拉特铸币
The history of the currency of Slovenia Slovenia gained its independence on 25 June 1991 from Yugoslavia, In October of that year the new government introduced the tolar. The tolar was introduced at par to the 1990 version of the Yugoslav Dinar. The government produced notes called Tolar Bons in denominations from 1 – 5000 Tolarjev. In 1992, Banka Slovenije was formed and assumed the coin and note issuing responsibilities from the government. The new Tolar introduced by the Bank replaced the old Tolar Bons at par. In 2004 the value of the Tolar was pegged to the euro on the EMU’s exchange rate mechanism. The Slovenian tolar is slated to be replaced by the euro in January 2007.The Slovenian Tolar’s ISO 4217 code is SIT. The plural of tolar is tolarjev and 1 tolar is divisible into 100 stotins. Currently coins are issued in denominations of 10, 20 and 50 stotins and 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 Tolarjev. Although stotins are rarely used anymore due to their low value. Banknotes come in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000 and 10,000 tolarjev, the 10, 20 and 50’s have largely been replaced by coins. 斯洛文尼亚托拉捷夫样币 斯洛文尼亚托拉捷夫铸币 斯洛文尼亚托拉捷夫铸币
斯洛伐克克朗简介 1克朗=100赫勒 1斯洛伐克克朗 = 0.303126785 人民币（2007年）CURRENCY:The currency of Slovakia is called the Koruna (pl. Korun). Banknotes are issued in the following denominations: 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, and 5000 Korun.Slovak 50 Korun note Slovak 50 Korun note reverse viewSmaller values are issued as coins with 1 Koruna = 100 Halierov.ISSUING AUTHORITY:Narodna Banka SlovenskaISO Code: SKKCURRENCY import/EXPORT RESTRICTIONS:Local and foreign currency may be imported and exported free.CIRCULATION:The current series of notes were issued 1993. A re-issue with more security features is expected. New 200, 1000, and 5000 notes have already been issued.ALTERNATIVE CURRENCIES:Czech Koruna and all major currencies. The history of the currency of Slovakia In 1993, the Czechoslovak federation split in two, forming two new countries. The currency of the Czechoslovak federation, the Czechoslovak koruna, also split introducing two new currencies: The Czech koruna and the Slovak koruna or “crown.” The Slovak koruna (SKK) is the official currency used in Slovakia. One koruna is divided into 100 hellers with the acronym being placed behind the numeric value. There are seven different notes and seven different coins in issue with the notes being issued in denominations of 20sk, 50sk, 100sk, 200sk, 500sk, 100sk, and 5000sk notes. On May 1, 2004, Slovakia was accepted as a member of the European Union. Since this time, the progression towards the conversion to the European currency, the Euro, has started. It is already possible to pay with Euro in some shops in Slovak near the Austrian border. The exchange rate is usually less favorable than it would be in a bank and your change is always received in Slovak Korunas, however, the Euro should replace the Slovak koruna completely by the end of 2010. 斯洛伐克克朗样币 斯洛伐克克朗铸币 斯洛伐克克朗铸币
斯威士兰里兰吉尼简介 ISO 4217 Code：SZLUser(s)：SwazilandInflation：5.5%Source：Central Bank of Swaziland, September 2006Pegged with：South African rand at parSubunit：1/100 centSymbol：L or E (pl.)Plural：emalangeniCoins：1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 cents, L1, E2, E5Banknotes：E10, E20, E50, E100, E200Central bank：Central Bank of SwazilandWebsite：http://www.centralbank.org.szThe lilangeni (plural: emalangeni) is the national currency of Swaziland and is subdivided into 100 cents. It was introduced in 1974 at par with the South African rand through the Common Monetary Area, to which it remains tied at a one-to-one exchange rate. The rand is also accepted in Swaziland. It issued by the Central Bank of Swaziland (in swazi Umntsholi Wemaswati).Perhaps unusually, there are singular and plural abbreviations, namely L and E, so where one might have an amount L1, it would be E2, E3, or E4.CoinsCoins in circulation: 1 cent 2 cents 5 cents 10 cents 20 cents 50 cents 1 lilangeni 2 emalangeni 5 emalangeniBanknotesBanknotes in circulation: 10 emalangeni 20 emalangeni 50 emalangeni 100 emalangeni 200 emalangeni (commemorating 30th independence anniversary) 斯威士兰里兰吉尼样币 斯威士兰里兰吉尼铸币 斯威士兰里兰吉尼铸币
文莱林吉特简介 文莱林吉特由文莱政府发行。 文莱原为英国的“保护国”，与已被并入马来西亚联邦的沙捞越和沙巴（北婆罗州）一起，通称北加里曼丹。1959年实行“内部自治”。1963年英国曾策划将文莱纳入“马来西亚联邦”，但文莱拒绝参加。1971年11月23日取得“完全的内部独立”。文莱原使用由马来亚、新加坡、沙捞越、沙巴合组的货币局发行的马来亚元，1963年新加坡退出后，该货币局不再发行马来亚元。1967年6月12日文菜发行自己的货币文莱元。第一次发行的纸币面额有100、 50、10、5和1林吉特。第二次新版钞发行是在1972年至1988年。其中1林吉特发行年份有1972、1976、1978、1980、982和 1983～1988年；50林吉特的发行年份是1973、1977和1982年；100元的发行日期分别是1972、1976、1978、1980、 1982和1983年；10林特吉发行日期是1976、1981和1983年；5林吉特发行年份是1979、1981、1983、1984和1986年。 1979年发行的面额为1000和500文莱林吉特。1989年2月23日发行了100、50、10、5和1文莱林吉特，同年7月15日发行了面额为 1000和500林吉特钞票。 文莱政府于1967年6月12日发行了自己的货币文莱林吉特，与原使用货币马来亚元等值，含金量为0.290299克。法定汇率为1英镑等于8.57142文莱林吉特，1美元等于3.06122文莱林吉特。1967年11月18日英镑贬值14.3％，文莱林吉特对英镑平价改为7.34693文莱林吉特等于、英镑。 1971年12月18日美元贬值，12月19日文莱宣布维持原含金量不变，对英镑平价不变，对美元升值为2．81955文莱林吉特等于1美元。1972年 6月23日英镑宣布浮动后，6月27日文莱政府决定文莱林吉特不再钉住英镑，改按2.81955文莱林吉特等于1美元的固定比价与美元挂钩。1973年6 月21日，文莱林吉特与美元脱钩，实行浮动汇率。 文莱林吉特面值与换算 目前流通的钞票面额有1000、500、100、50、10、5、1林吉特面额的纸币 铸币有：20、10、5、1分面额 1林吉特等于100分（Cents） 文莱林吉特样币 文莱林吉特铸币 文莱林吉特铸币
摩洛哥迪拉姆简介 摩洛哥迪拉姆是摩洛哥现行通用货币，迪拉姆由其中央银行负责发行，财政部外管局负责外汇管制。 摩洛哥原使用摩洛哥法郎，与法国法郎等值。1959年10月17日，摩洛哥发行新币——摩洛哥迪拉姆，官方汇率定为1美元兑换5.06049摩洛哥迪拉姆，并以1:100的比率回收摩洛哥法郎。 1960年1月1日，摩洛哥迪拉姆正式成为摩洛哥王国的法定通用货币。1971年12月20日，随着美元的自由浮动，摩洛哥调整了其货币对美元的汇率，并规定1美元兑换4.66097迪拉姆，对法国法郎的波幅为4.5％。 1973年2月13日，美元宣布贬值之后，摩洛哥再次调整汇率，1美元兑41.9487迪拉姆。 1973年5月17日，摩洛哥中断迪拉姆与法国法郎的固定汇率，实行管理浮动。1973年7月30日实行迪拉姆贴水汇率，1980年12月31日附加5％贴水的迪拉姆贴水汇率停止使用。 1984年，摩洛哥取消附加固定百分比率的做法，而实行由不同银行不同货币而定贴水多少。 目前，摩洛哥银行根据其主要贸易伙伴的货币价值每天确定迪拉姆对法国法郎的买卖价，1989年12月29日，买入价为：法郎等于1.40111迪拉姆，卖出价为1法郎等于1.40531迪拉姆。 摩洛哥迪拉姆币值与换算 纸币有：5、10、50、100、200 等迪拉姆 铸币有：1、2、5、10、20、50分及1、5迪拉姆 辅市及进位为1迪拉姆等于100分（Centimes） 摩洛哥迪拉姆样币 摩洛哥迪拉姆铸币 摩洛哥迪拉姆铸币
什么是旅游外汇 旅游外汇是指发展国际旅游事业而取得的外汇收入。 旅游外汇的实现方式 旅游外汇一般是通过提供旅游服务、旅游交通和旅游商品等渠道来实现的。它是一种无形的商品和劳务的“出口”收入，交易地点发生在国内，而且大多是就地消费。旅游外汇的特点 旅游外汇的特点： 1.国际旅游的服务对象是国外游客。通过旅游服务而获得的外汇，一般采用预付或现付的形式。由于旅游外汇收入一般为现汇，因而不仅能够避免贸易外汇收付期限较长而产生的汇率风险，并且能够及时用于进口经济建设所需要的先进技术与设备，迅速形成生产能力，取得较好的经济效益。 2.旅游商品的“出口”，由于生产费用较少(有些甚至不需要生产加工)，可以当地销售，就地收汇，因而成本低廉，换汇率高。 3.在国际市场上，旅游商品价格稳定，并且日趋上升，因而旅游外汇收入是一种稳定的外汇来源。旅游外汇的核算 国家外汇管理局及其分局收到各外汇指定银行转来的收券单位结汇证明后，经审核无误，按同期内部各种货币对美元统一折算率折成美元入帐。国家外汇管理局关于旅游外汇管理有关问题的通知 为进一步加强对旅游外汇的管理，规范组团社及居民个人旅游购汇行为，现根据国务院发布的《中国公民出国旅游管理办法》(中华人民共和国国务院令第 354号)、国家旅游局发布的《国家旅游局公告》(2002年10号)及《关于启用2002年版〈中国公民出国旅游团队名单表〉的通知》(旅管理发79号)等有关文件规定，就旅游外汇管理的有关问题通知如下： 一、根据国务院《中国公民出国旅游管理办法》中的规定，国家旅游局对经营中国公民出国旅游业务的旅行社进行了重新清理，将经营中国公民出国旅游业务的组团社，由原来1997年批准的出国旅游组团社、代办点，统一调整为此次经批准的中国国际旅行社总社等528家旅行社。 凡在此次经批准的出境游组团社中尚没有开立出境游外汇帐户的旅行社，可以向所在地外汇局申请开立出境游外汇专用帐户。旅行社在申请开立出境游外汇帐户时，除需按《国家外汇管理局关于旅行社旅游外汇收支管理有关问题的通知》(汇发3号)的要求提交有关材料外，还必须提供此次国家旅游局批准该旅行社为出境游组团社的批复及经国家旅游局换发的《旅行社业务经营许可证》。 各分局和各外汇指定银行应严格按照国家旅游局公布的《经营中国公民出国旅游业务的旅行社名单》，为具备资格的旅行社审批、开立出境游专用帐户及办理出境游团费的售付汇业务。 二、根据《关于启用2002年版〈中国公民出国旅游团队名单表〉的通知》中的规定，自2002年9月1日起启用新版《中国公民出国旅游团队名单表》，同时废止原1997年版《中国公民自费出国旅游审核证明》和《中国公民自费出国旅游团队名单表》，因此，自2002年9月1日起，国家外汇管理局决定将《国家外汇管理局关于调整中国公民出境旅游购汇政策的通知》(汇发55号)(以下简称《通知》)及《境内居民个人购汇管理实施细则》(汇发68号)(以下简称《细则》)中的有关内容调整如下： 1、《通知》第四条第三款“组团社提供给旅游者此次出境的《名单表》复印件”，调整为“组团社提供给旅游者的、经组团社盖章确认的此次出境的《名单表》第四联(组团社留存联)复印件(提供带有旅游者姓名的一页即可)”。 2、《细则》第十七条第一款有关出国旅游购汇所持的证明材料中“经旅行社确认的‘中国公民出国旅游团队名单表’(复印件应加盖公章)”，调整为“经旅行社盖章确认的‘中国公民出国旅游团队名单表’第四联(组团社留存联)复印件(提供带有旅游者姓名的一页即可)”。 3、《通知》第七条第二款“组团社实际使用的由旅游行政管理部门核发的《中国公民出国旅游团队名单表》”，调整为“组团社实际使用的由旅游行政管理部门核发的《中国公民出国旅游团队名单表》第四联(银行审核后加盖‘已售汇’标志和售汇日期，并复印留存)”。 4、《通知》第八条中“将加盖边检验讫章的《名单表》交给银行核查并复印留存”，调整为“将《名单表》第三联(旅游行政管理部门留存联)交给银行核查并复印留存”。 5、鉴于我局已经在全国部分银行启动了居民个人购汇管理信息系统(以下简称个人购汇系统)，为切实方便出境旅游者购买个人零用外汇，取消《通知》中第四条 “旅游者应在出境前由本人亲自到银行办理个人零用费的购汇手续”的规定。旅游者在出境前可以由本人到开通个人购汇系统的银行办理个人零用费的购汇手续，也可以委托他人代为办理。如由他人代办，除须提供原规定证明材料外，还应当提供代办人的身份证或户口簿。 各分局接文后应尽快转发所辖分支局及中、外资外汇指定银行，各中资外汇指定银行接文后应尽快转发所辖分支机构。执行中如遇到问题，请及时向国家外汇管理局经常项目管理司反馈。
新西兰元简介 新西兰元（货币代码：NZD）是新西兰、库克群岛、纽埃、托克劳及皮特凯恩群岛的法定货币，于1967年起使用。通常简称为$、NZ$或纽元，英语俗称Kiwi。一纽元可分为100新西兰仙。 新西兰元代替原本是新西兰法定货币的新西兰镑。2006年7月31日，新西兰储备银行引入新硬币，取消5仙硬币的流通地位，并以较细小的新硬币取代沿用的1毫，2毫及5毫硬币；而1元及2元则继续使用。 新西兰元，由新西兰中央银行——新西兰储备银行发行。 在1840年之前，新西兰市场流通的货币主要是英国的硬币，此外还有法国、荷兰等国的硬币。纸币很少，一般是由私营银行发行，用途只限于大额的支付。 1840 年新西兰首任总督根据1816年“英国皇家铸市法”宣布当时在新西兰流通的所有硬币为合法货币，包括各种用黄金、白银和青铜制造的硬币。1870年新西兰实施“皇家铸市法”，使皇家铸币成为官方货币。这一时期纸币的使用增加了。有六家银行各自发行自己的银行券，这些银行券的规格和图案都不一样，互相兑换也很困难。到 1924年，这些银行统一了银行券的规格和颜色，但仍不能互相兑换。1934年新西兰建立了储备银行，行使中央银行职责，开始发行统一的钞票。钞票面额为１镑、5镑和50镑，实行20进位制。1961年新西兰加入国际货币基金组织后规定新西兰镑含金量为2.47130克。1967年发行十进位的新货币新西兰元，含金量1．23565克，与英镑挂钩。1971年美元实行浮动汇率后，新西兰元改盯美元。1973年当美元再次贬值时，新西兰政府宣布放弃新西兰元与美元联系，实行有管理的自由浮动，其有效汇率值由该国主要贸易伙伴的一揽子货币决定。1983年8月，新西兰储备银行废除每日制定美元汇率的做法，允许新西兰元随国际金融市场上的行情变化而波动。1984 年底，取消几乎所有的外汇管制。1985年，新西兰采取伸缩性汇率制度，新西兰储备银行停止报出新西兰元的官方买卖价，但允许中央银行在市场失去秩序时干预市场，同时终止了与一揽子贸易加权货币挂钩。 新西兰元币值与换算 现流通的纸币有：1、2、5、10、20、50、100元等面额 现流通的铸币有：1、2、5、 10、20、50分及1、2元。 １新西兰元等于100分（Cents） 待翻译 The New Zealand Pound (1840 - 1967)The pound was the currency of New Zealand between 1840 and 1967. Like the British pound, it was subdivided into 240 pennies or 20 shillings. 1 shilling = 12 pence. The currency was part of the sterling zone. It was replaced in 1967 by the dollar at a rate of 2 dollars = 1 pound (1 dollar = 10 shillings).Written and Verbal ConventionsIn writing, there were several conventions for representing amounts of money in pounds, shillings and pence:￡2.3s.6d. (two pounds, three shillings and six pence)1/- (one shilling) (slang: a bob)11d. (eleven pence)1?d (a penny halfpenny, three halfpence – note that the "lf" in halfpenny/halfpence was always silent - they were pronounced 'haypenny' and 'haypence' - hence the occasional spellings "ha'penny" and "ha'pence")2/6 (two shillings and six pence, usually pronounced as "two-and-six" or "half a crown")2/- (two shillings, or one florin) (two bob)4s.3d. ("four-and-threepence")5s. (five shillings) (one crown) (five bob)14-8-2 (fourteen pounds, eight shillings and tuppence – in columns of figures, such as in a ledger)￡1.10s.- (one pound, ten shillings) (thirty bob)Halfpennies and farthings (quarter of a penny) were represented by the appropriate symbol after the whole pence.A convention frequently used in retail pricing was to list prices over one pound all in shillings, rather than in pounds and shillings; for example, ￡4-18-0 would be written as 98/-.The New Zealand Pre-decimal CoinsIntitally, British and Australian coins circulated in New Zealand. Distinct coins were introduced in 1933 in denominations of 3 and 6 pence, 1 shilling, 1 florin (2 shillings) and ? crown (2? shillings). All were minted in silver until 1947. In 1940, bronze ? and 1 penny coins were introduced. All denominations were issued until 1965.Commemorative crowns (5 shillings) were minted in 1935, 1949 and 1953 for the Treaty of Waitangi, a royal visit and the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, respectively.Designs of New Zealand Pre-decimal CoinsThe New Zealand Pre-decimal BanknotesPrivate trading banks originally issued all banknotes in New Zealand. The first bank notes were issued in New Zealand in 1840 by the Union Bank of Australia. In 1934 the Government of New Zealand passed the Reserve Bank Act which created the Reserve Bank of New Zealand. By virtue of the Act the Reserve Bank was given the sole right to issue New Zealand legal tender banknotes and coins.The Reserve Bank of New Zealand introduced notes in 1934 for 10 shillings, 1, 5 and 50 pounds. In 1940, 10 pound notes were added. only two series of notes were printed, the first (1934-40) featured the portrait of a Māori king, the second (1940-67) featured Captain James Cook.The New Zealand Dollar (1967 - present)In 1967, when the country decimalized its currency, the dollar replaced the New Zealand pound at a rate of 2 dollars = 1 pound. Like other dollar denominated currencies, the dollar sign "$" is used to express prices in New Zealand dollars, sometimes prices are written using NZ$ to distinguish it from other dollar currencies. The New Zealand dollar's ISO 4217 code is NZD. The value of the New Zealand dollar was initially pegged to the US dollar at a rate of US$1.39 = NZ$1. This rate changed on 21 November 1967 to US$1.12 = NZ$1 after the devaluation of the British pound, although the New Zealand dollar was devalued to a greater extent than the British pound sterling.In 1971, the U.S.A. devalued its dollar relative to gold, leading New Zealand to peg its dollar at a value of US$1.216 with a 4.5% fluctuation range on 23 December (keeping the same gold value). From 9 July 1973 to 4 March 1985 the dollar's value was determined from a trade-weighted basket of currencies. Since 4 March 1985 the dollar's value has been determined by the financial markets, and has been in the range of about 0.39–0.74 United States dollars. The dollar's most recent minimum average daily value was 0.3922 U.S. dollars on 22 November 2000, and its most recent maximum was 0.7442 U.S. dollars on 17 March 2005. Much of this medium-term variation in the exchange rate has been attributed to differences in interest rates.New Zealand Decimal CoinsIn 1967, coins were introduced for 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents. The 1 and 2 cent coins were minted in bronze, with the other denominations in cupro-nickel. The 5, 10 and 20 cents were the same size as the earlier, equivalent 6 pence, 1 shilling and 1 florin. Indeed, until 1970, the 10 cents coin bore the additional legend "One Shilling". The obverse designs of all the coins featured Arnold Machin's portrait of Elizabeth II, with the legend ELIZABETH II NEW ZEALAND . The reverse sides of coins introduced in 1967 did not follow the designs that were originally indended for them. Those modern art and sculpture themed designs were leaked to a newspaper and met a very negative public reaction. The final releases were given more conservative designs in line with public expectations.In 1986, New Zealand adopted Raphael Maklouf's new portrait of the Queen on all its coins. The 1 and 2 cent coins were last minted for circulation in 1987, with collector coins being made for 1988. The coins were demonetised on 1 May 1990. The lack of 1 and 2 cent coins meant that cash transactions were normally rounded to the nearest 5 cents (10 cents as of 2006), a process known as Swedish rounding. Some larger retailers (notably one supermarket chain), in the interests of public relations, elected to round the total price down (so that $4.99 became $4.95 instead of $5.00). Alternatively, many retailers rounded all their prices to the nearest 5 cents to avoid the issue entirely, so a New Zealand shopper often encountered products for sale at prices like $4.95.In 1990, aluminium-bronze 1 and 2 dollar coins were introduced to replace existing $1 and $2 notes. In 1999, Ian Rank-Broadley's portrait of the Queen was introduced and the legend rearranged to read NEW ZEALAND ELIZABETH II .On 11 November 2004, the Reserve Bank announced that it proposed to take the 5￠ coin out of circulation and to make the existing 50, 20 and 10 cent coins smaller and use plated steel to make them lighter. After a three-month public submission period that ended on 4 February 2005, the Reserve Bank announced on 31 March it would go ahead with the proposed changes. The changeover period started on 31 July 2006, with the old coins usable up until 31 October 2006. The older 50, 20, 10 and 5 cent pieces are now no longer legal tender, but are still redeemable at the Reserve Bank.New Zealand Dollar BanknotesIn 1967, notes were introduced by the Reserve Bank of New Zealand in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 100 dollars. 50 dollar notes were added in 1983, whilst 1 and 2 dollar notes were discontinued in 1991. The first two series of notes (1967-81 and 1981-92) differed only in the portait of the Queen featured on the obverse. The reverses all depicted native birds and plants and remained unchanged through both series.In 1992 A completely redesigned new series of banknotes was introduced by the Reserve Bank of New Zealand and except for the 20 dollars, the portrait of the Queen was dropped from all notes.New Zealand banknotes, since 1999, have been printed on plastic polymer instead of conventional rag paper used for banknote production. There was a slight controversy, but this move was mostly met with curiosity by the public. Such polymer notes have many advantages, notably a photocopy can effortlessly be distinguished from the real thing by touch, and many people have been thankful that the notes go through a washing machine with no ill effects. The notes are also difficult to tear without the aid of a cutting tool, but will tear more easily than the paper notes if a tear is started. Initial versions of the polymer $5 note had issues with the ink wearing and aging prematurely, but this was rectified in later production runs. The Reserve Bank states that polymer banknotes last at least four times as long as the old conventional paper banknotes. The polymer banknotes also have vastly improved security features and are very difficult to counterfeit. 新西兰元样币 Reserve Bank of New Zealand - Pre-decimal Currency (1934 - 1967) 1 New Zealand Pound = 20 Shillings = 240 Pence Reserve Bank of New Zealand - Decimal Currency (1967 - Present) 2 New Zealand Dollars = 1 New Zealand Pound 1 New Zealand Dollar = 100 Cents 新西兰元铸币 新西兰元铸币
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